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This is worth noting that significant differentiation in spatial distribution of soil granulometric fractions and pH were observed in a field having the area of only 1 ha, where one usually expects homogenic soil properties. This indicates a need of taking more samples for estimation of soil properties in a field scale, as well as a need of estimation their spatial distribution. CONCLUSIONS Geostatistic analysis of spatial distribution of soil granulometric fractions content and pH showed their significant differentiation and occurrence of spatial dependence in commune and field scales. Ranges of the spatial dependences were generally conjugated with the scale of the studied object. The maps of the spatial distributions of the studied soil properties may be used for projecting proper soil management (tillage, fertilization, liming) in the studied areas. REFERENCES 1. Englund E., Sparks A. 1988: Geostatistical Environmental Assessment Software. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478. 2. Gamma Design Software GS+ v. 3.06.5 beta. 1998: Geostatistics for the environmental sciences. 3. Pannatier Y. 1994: Variowin 2.1. Program for geostatistical analysis. University of Lousanne. 4. Turski R., Uziak S., Zawadzki S. 1993: Środowisko przyrodnicze Lubelszczyzny – Gleby. LTN, <strong>Lublin</strong>, 1-107. 5. Webster R. 1985: Quantitative Spatial Analysis of Soil in the Field. Advances in Soil Sci. 3, 1-70. 150
BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN SOIL IN THE PRESENCE OF ACTIVATED CARBON Vasilyeva G.K., Strijakova E.R., Subocheva S.A., Nikolaeva S.N. INTRODUCTION One of the reasons for low effectiveness of soil bioremediation is the high toxicity of chemical contaminants to microbes and plants. The amendment to soil with some natural adsorbents can reduce chemical toxicity. Activated carbon (AC) is one of the best adsorbents for many organic chemicals because of its hydrophobicity, high specific surface, and microporous structure. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the reduction in toxicity of three classes of pollutants (chloroanilines, polynitroaromatics and polychlorinated byphenils) and to study mechanisms of their accelerated biodegradation and detoxification in soil in the presence of activated carbon. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Laboratory experiments with 3,4-dichloroanilines (DCA), 2,4,6-tirinrotoluene (TNT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were conducted with several types of soil from Russia and the USA. Soil samples were artificially or naturally contaminated with these chemicals with the initial concentrations from 500 to 15000 mg/kg. Some samples were inoculated with microorganisms able to degrade these chemicals (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa reducing TNT and some commercial rizosphere microorganisms degrading PCB) or with strains able to use these chemicals as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy (Pseudomonas denitrificans and other strains growing on DCA). A fractionated analysis of the soil was carried out to determine water extractable, solvent extractable and unextractable (bound) fractions of the chemicals. HPLC, GC and chromatomassspectrometer were used for analytical determination of the chemicals and their metabolites in soil. It was demonstrated that these microorganisms could grow in highly contaminated soils and transformed the chemicals only after soil amendment with appropriate brand and dose of activated carbon. The adsorbent maintained low toxic concentrations of the chemicals in soil solution to degrading microorganisms and plants. Meantime the adsorbed chemicals were mostly available to degrading microorganisms, however the rates of degradation of the chemical residues were slower than those at the beginning of the process. Nevertheless the toxicity of the 151
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PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOGEOCHEMIS
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IN MEMORIAM Dr Ludmila Petrovna Kor
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magnetic (ferrimagnetic) oxides, ma
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educed water activity, would favour
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In this paper AT sorption by surfac
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were obtained with clay content, pH
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In present investigation the quartz
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Hence, the micromorphology suggests
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As the indicators of soil aeration
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Stomatal diffusive resistance of th
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indicators of soil aeration conditi
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REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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Table 1. Breakdown of numbers and t
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MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL P
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conditions, existing at the first p
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INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON WATER P
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moisture % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 so
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STATE OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN M
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million cells/g soil 25 20 15 10 5
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THE INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION AND PR
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days grew faster than on substrate
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SOIL SALINITY AND CLIMATE CHANGES I
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POROUS STRUCTURE OF NATURAL BODIES
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These nonuniform classification sys
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Mercury intrusion data are plotted
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METHOD AND MATERIALS The shear stre
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wheat flour NaCl salt fine milk Fig
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The shear experiments revealed two
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Variable charge of mineral surfaces
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3. Huffaker RC and Wallace A 1958 P
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Q V (pH)/N t = α(pH) = n ∑ i= 1
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REFERENCES 1. De Wit, J.C.M, Van Ri
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BM - biomass; NM - necromass; MM -
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thousand times at the absence of co
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. m 131.5 131.0 I Height above sea
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SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL WATER
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The mean difference (MD) and the ro
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Acknowledgement This paper presents
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1992; Selim 1999). The relative imp
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1.0 C rel 0.5 0.0 v=0.7 D=3.28 v=0.
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1.0 a b C rel 0.5 0.0 0 1 2 3 0 1 2
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Comparison of before- and after-pul
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provides the accessibility of catio
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MODEL RESEARCH ON FORMATION OF SYNT
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The analysis of the specific surfac
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PHOSPHATE-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE SP
Page 94 and 95: According to the data of Table 1, t
Page 96 and 97: MINERAL-ORGANIC COMPOUND OF SOILS:
Page 98 and 99: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An analysis
Page 100 and 101: INTRODUCTION CHEMICAL DEGRADATION O
Page 102 and 103: of organic particles and their elec
Page 104 and 105: HNO 3 -extractable form is very clo
Page 106 and 107: Results demonstrated that Pb and Cd
Page 108 and 109: tion was measured using the Tjurina
Page 110 and 111: OUTPUT FLUXES OF LEAD IN FOREST ECO
Page 112 and 113: Regional data on Pb concentrations
Page 114 and 115: DEVICE FOR EVALUATION OF THE RAPE P
Page 116 and 117: SPECTROSCOPIC COMPARISON OF HUMIC A
Page 118 and 119: ehavior of sequentially extracted H
Page 120 and 121: MODERN MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR THE M
Page 122 and 123: The control of the measurement syst
Page 124 and 125: ASORPTION AND SURFACE AREA OF SOILS
Page 126 and 127: Nm xCBET N = ( 1− x BET − )[ 1+
Page 128 and 129: According to this, when x/N (1-x) i
Page 130 and 131: POTENTIAL OF AZOLLA CAROLINIANA TO
Page 132 and 133: The decrease of Pb(II) and of Cd(II
Page 134 and 135: 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Piechalak, A.,
Page 136 and 137: Kloc, 2001]. Nitrogen adsorption is
Page 138 and 139: This is worth noting that the lower
Page 140 and 141: N ( h) 1 2 γ ( h) = [ ( ) ( )] ( )
Page 142 and 143: Exemplary spatial distributions (sa
Page 146 and 147: adsorbed chemicals to microorganism
Page 148 and 149: were detected in the untreated soil
Page 150 and 151: 0.4 1000 Moisture [Vol.] 0.3 0.2 0.
Page 152 and 153: NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM SOILS W
Page 154 and 155: N2O-N [mg kg -1 ] 100 80 60 40 20 0
Page 156 and 157: LITERATURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Page 158 and 159: where v(t) - CO 2 production rate;
Page 160 and 161: carbon was involved mainly into mic
Page 162 and 163: Demkin Vitaliiy DrSc Dmitrakov Leon
Page 164 and 165: Priputina Irina PhD Rudko Tadeusz P
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