Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Blum et al. indicate which of the 12 factors they considered as important in terms of their potential impact on the evolution of future use of biological control agents. For those factors selected as important, the respondents were asked to weigh the expected impact positively or negatively on a scale from 0 to 20. The data were used to compute for each of the 12 factors: a) an Influence Index, calculated as the percentage of respondents who selected the factor as important b) a Weight Index, calculated as the average of the weights attributed to the factor by those respondents who selected it as important c) a Growth Index, combining the two other indices according to the following formula: GI = (Influence Index)*(Weight Index)/10 This index represents the overall estimate of the influence of a factor on the future use of biological control agents by European farmers. The scores computed for each of the 12 factors are presented in Table 21. Among the factors deemed to carry the most impact on future use of biological control by European farmers the action by far the most cited was the establishment of incentives for farmers (factor D). Table 21: Impact of twelve factors on the future use of biocontrol agents by European farmers according to a survey of 320 farmers A Factors Registration for biological control products remains as present Influence Index (%)* Weight Index* (scale from -20 to +20) Growth Index* 12 - 15 - 18.0 Rank of positive influence B Involvement of distribution 65 8 52.0 4 C Size / strength of the manufacturers 55 12 66.0 3 D Incentives to growers 87 18 156.6 1 E Education of advisors and growers 27 8 21.6 5 F Decision Support Systems available 12 7 7.2 9 G Pull from wholesalers and food industry 43 16 66.8 2 H Stringent registration of chemicals 16 14 22.4 6 I New safe chemical pesticides 42 - 12 - 3.0 J Progress in R&D of Biocontrol 8 14 11.2 8 K New resistant varieties 16 - 4 - 6.4 L Pull from Consumers 67 2 13,4 7 * see main text above for the specific definition of the indices The second most important factors based on the Growth Index (G, C and B in Table 21) were linked to the influence of key economic actors (the wholesalers, the food industry, the distributors and manufacturers of biocontrol products). The factors with the lowest scores were those related to scientific innovation (factors K, I, J). Interestingly, both factors linked to regulatory aspects (factors H and A) also had a relatively low Growth Index. The registration requirements are obviously more a concern for the industry than for the users of the plant protection products. Surprisingly, the 66
Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of the biologicals, usually considered as two critical factors, were not mentioned as real constraints. This may be due to two reasons: (1) It is anticipated that only “effective” solutions will be registered in the EU, showing the high confidence of the farmers and the retailers in the registration systems (2) The selling price of the new solutions (biological control products) will necessarily cope with the current price levels. Too highly priced, the new solutions will simply be ignored. Conclusions The gaps and the opportunities for the development of biological crop protection products are extremely relative to people concerned. While the industry, due to the heavy factor time/cost to the market, considers the regulation requirements as a major obstacle, the users and the retailers are much more influenced by the pull and push actions exercised at the market level. Somewhat disappointing is the relative low concern about the technical progress offered by the biological solutions. 67
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IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
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Preface One of the Research Activit
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LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
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List of Tables (continued) Table 17
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Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
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Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
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Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
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Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
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Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
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Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
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Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
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Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 59 and 60: Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 75: Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
Page 81 and 82: Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
Page 87 and 88: Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
Page 91 and 92: Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
Page 99 and 100: Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
Page 101 and 102: Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
Page 103 and 104: Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
Page 105 and 106: Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
Page 107 and 108: Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
Page 109 and 110: Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
Page 111 and 112: Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
Page 115 and 116: Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
Page 117 and 118: Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
Page 119 and 120: Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
Page 121 and 122: Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
Page 123 and 124: Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
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Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
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Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
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Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
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Appendix 6 showed protein content o
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Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
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Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
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Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
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Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
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Appendix 7. Number of references re
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Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
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Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
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Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
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Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
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Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
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Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
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Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
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Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
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Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
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Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
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Appendix 10. Substances included in
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Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
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Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
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Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
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Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
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Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
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Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
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Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
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Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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