Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Blum et al. Table 20: Structure of the questionnaire used in a survey of European farmers and retailers of biological control products Categories of questions Nbr of Questions Geographical identification 5 System of production concerned 12 Ownership and social related aspects 5 Crop protection issues / pest occurrence, etc 18 Economy of the farm, actual costs, revenues etc 12 Expectations for future, cropping systems, investments, etc 9 Relations with input suppliers 18 Relations with advisors 18 Relations with authorities 18 Relation with the food chain (coops, supermarkets etc.) 18 Relations with the consumers 18 Relations with the public 18 Expectations about innovations, role of science 12 Open comments 2 Survey Results: The estimated market of biocontrol in Europe The questionnaire made it possible to estimate the total biological market in ha and in value (Figure 11) and its partition among different crops (Figure 12). These data confirm that in 2008, the main use of biologicals was in protected crops, followed by grapevine and fruit production. Nearly 40% of the estimated biocontrol market consisted in sales of beneficial insects, compared to 25% for microorganisms and 21% for semiochemicals (Figure 11). Total estimated EU sales of biocontrol products = 204 Mio€ in 2008 18 Mio€ 43 Mio€ 52 Moi€ 12 Mio€ 79 Mio€ Beneficial insects Beneficial nematods Microbial biocontrol agents Semiochemicals Natural substances Figure 11: Estimated sales of biocontrol products in Europe in 2008 (in Million €). The estimates were obtained by extrapolating use patterns in a representative sample of EU farmers. 64
Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of acreage % of total 50 40 30 20 10 0 Protected crops Field vegetables Grapes Fruits Field crops Gardens, ornamentals Figure 12: Estimated distribution of biocontrol use among types of crops in 2008 in Europe Survey results: Factors of development of biocontrol The exploitation of the questionnaires was somewhat difficult due to the large variety of farmers and situations. Additionally, several open ended questions were introduced to collect opinions on possible additional gaps and opportunities which were not mentioned in the form. Qualitative analysis. In a first step, the analysis of the responses led to the identification of 12 factors deemed to have a significant influence on the future development of biological control Nine factors with a positive influence: o Ability of manufacturers to invest in R&D o Financial strength of manufacturers o Direct involvement of leading distributors o Pull from the fresh food wholesalers and from the food industry o Demand from consumers and NGOs o Incentives given to growers o Education of advisors and growers o Availability of Decision Support Systems (DSS) o Regulatory obstacles to chemical pesticides Three factors with a negative influence: o Regulations not adapted to Biological control o Discovery of novel effective and safe chemicals o Development of new resistant crops Quantitative analysis. In a second step, a quantitative analysis was conducted to estimate the influence of the identified factors. For this, 320 contacts (50% of the sample) were requested to 65
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IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
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Preface One of the Research Activit
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LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
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List of Tables (continued) Table 17
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Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
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Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
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Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
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Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
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Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
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Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
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Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 59 and 60: Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
Page 81 and 82: Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
Page 87 and 88: Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
Page 91 and 92: Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
Page 99 and 100: Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
Page 101 and 102: Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
Page 103 and 104: Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
Page 105 and 106: Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
Page 107 and 108: Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
Page 109 and 110: Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
Page 111 and 112: Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
Page 115 and 116: Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
Page 117 and 118: Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
Page 119 and 120: Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
Page 121 and 122: Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
Page 123 and 124: Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
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Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
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Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
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Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
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Appendix 6 showed protein content o
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Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
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Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
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Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
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Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
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Appendix 7. Number of references re
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Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
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Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
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Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
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Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
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Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
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Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
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Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
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Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
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Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
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Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
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Appendix 10. Substances included in
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Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
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Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
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Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
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Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
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Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
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Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
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Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
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Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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