Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Ruocco et al. A fundamental part of the Trichoderma antifungal capability consists in the production and secretion of a great variety of extracellular cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), including endochitinases, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase), chitin-1,4-β-chitobiosidases, proteases, endo- and exo-β-1,3-glucanases, endo β-1,6-glucanases, lipases, xylanases, mananases, pectinases, pectin lyases, amylases, phospholipases, RNAses, DNAses, etc. (Benitez et al. 2004; Lorito et al. 1998). The chitinolytic and glucanolytic enzymes are especially valuable for their CWDE activity on fungal plant pathogens, hydrolyzing polymers not present in plant tissues (Woo et al. 1999). Each of these classes of enzymes contains diverse sets of proteins with distinct enzymatic activities. Some have been purified, characterized and their encoding genes cloned (Ait- Lahsen et al. 2001; de la Cruz et al. 1992; 1995a; 1995b; Garcia et al. 1994; Limon et al. 1995; Lora et al. 1995; Lorito et al. 1993,. 1994b; Montero et al. 2007; Peterbauer et al. 1996; Suarez et al. 2004; Viterbo et al. 2001, 2002). Once purified, many Trichoderma enzymes have shown to have strong antifungal activity against a wide variety of phytopathogens, and they are capable of hydrolyzing not only the tender young hyphal tips of the target fungal host, but they are also able to degrade the hard, resistant conservation structures such as sclerozi. Trichoderma spp. have been widely studied, and are presently marketed as biopesticides, biofertilizers and soil amendments, due to their ability to protect plants, enhance vegetative growth and contain pathogen populations under numerous agricultural conditions (Harman 2000, 2004; Vinale et al. 2008b). The commercial success of products containing these fungal antagonists can be attributed to the large volume of viable propagules that can be produced rapidly and readily on numerous substrates at a low cost in diverse fermentation systems. The living microorganisms, conserved as spores, can be incorporated into various formulations, liquid, granules or powder etc., and stored for months without losing their efficacy (Jin et al. 1996). To date more than 50 different Trichoderma-based preparations are commercialized and used to protect or increase the productivity of numerous horticultural and ornamental crops (Table 13; Lorito et al. 2006). The case Trichoderma: mode of application, persistence on the target and new formulations. Effectiveness under controlled conditions (even under field conditions) does not necessarily guarantee that the organism will perform successfully; proper formulation is a prime condition for meeting market requirements. For instance an efficient biocontrol agent of soilborne and airborne pathogens must first and foremost protect the young seedling against detrimental attack by infective inoculum. Therefore some factors may be considered: (a) soil ecosystem factors such as moisture, pH, structure, and temperature; (b) root colonization capacity; (c) reasonable shelf life; (d) efficiency of application of the biocontrol agent in terms of its specific habitat and target (Spiegel and Chet 1998) 48
Table 13: Trichoderma-based preparations commercialized for biological control of plant diseases. Chapter 6 Commercial Biocontrol Product Formulation, Uses - Location, Uses, Pathogens Manufacturer/Supplier, Country, Internet Reference Product Organism(s) Type Application Crops controlled Ago Biocontrol Trichoderma 50 T. harzianum Biological fungicide n/a Flowers, vegetables, fruits, other crops Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Alternaria, Rosellinia, Botrytis, Sclerotium, Phytophthora spp Ago Biocontrol, Colombia (http://www.sipweb.org/directorymcp/fungi.html) Antagon Binab T Trichoderma spp. T. harzianum, T. polysporum Biological fungicide Biological fungicide BioFit T. viride Biological fungicide Bio-Fungus (formerly Anti-Fungus), Supresivit Trichoderma spp. Biological fungicide powder Pellets, wettable powder or granules; spray, drench, mixed in soil Seed treatment, root/tuber dip, drench; Used alone or in combination with chemicals. granular, wettable powder, sticks, crumbles; soil incorporation; spray or injection Horticulture (commercial), parks, recreational areas, sports fields Wood products; ornamental, shade, forest trees; greenhouse, nursery, field; cut flowers, potted plants, vegetables, mushrooms, flower bulbs Gram, pepper, groundnut, wheat, potato, ginger, turmeric, peas, matki, mung, urid , tomato, bhindi, onion, other vegetables, grapes. Flowers, strawberries, trees, vegetables damping-off diseases Wood rots causing internal decay, or originating from pruning wounds; Didymella, Chondrostereum, Heterobasidion, Botrytis, Verticillium, Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Sclerotium, other root rots; for Botrytis in combination with chemicals Sclerotinia, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp., Fusarium, Verticillium De Ceuster Meststoffen N.V. (DCM), Belgium (http://www.agroBiologicals.com/products/P1609.htm) BINAB Bio-Innovation AB, Sweden (http://www.algonet.se/~binab/index2.html); Henry Doubleday Research Association, United Kingdom; Svenska Predator AB, Sweden; E.R. Butts International, Inc., USA Ajay Bio-tech (India) Ltd., India (http://www.ajaybio.com) BioPlant, Denmark (www.bioplant.dk); De Ceuster Meststoffen N.V. (DCM), Belgium 49
Page 1 and 2:
IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
Page 3 and 4:
Preface One of the Research Activit
Page 5 and 6:
LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables (continued) Table 17
Page 9 and 10: Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
Page 57: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
Page 81 and 82: Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
Page 87 and 88: Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
Page 91 and 92: Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
Page 99 and 100: Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
Page 101 and 102: Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
Page 103 and 104: Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
Page 105 and 106: Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
Page 107 and 108: Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
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Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
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Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
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Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
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Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
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Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
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Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
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Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
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Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
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Appendix 6 showed protein content o
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Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
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Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
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Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
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Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
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Appendix 7. Number of references re
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Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
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Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
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Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
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Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
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Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
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Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
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Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
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Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
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Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
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Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
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Appendix 10. Substances included in
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Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
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Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
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Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
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Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
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Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
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Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
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Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
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Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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