Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Heilig et al. In the sustainable use directive 2009/128/EC a number of provisions in favour of biological pest control measures or non-chemical methods have been identified. The new regulation also mentions in recital 35 that priority should be given to "non-chemical and natural alternatives wherever possible" but since the definition of non-chemical methods refers to "physical, mechanical or biological pest control" and does not specifically mention microbials, semiochemicals, botanicals or other natural substances with non-toxic mode of action it must be clarified how those groups are covered by the definition. Conclusion In the meeting between the ENDURE delegation and representatives of the European Commission, the need for discussions between regulators, evaluators and industry about requirements especially those relevant for microbial and botanical substances was recognised. Article 77 of the new plant protection product regulation authorises the Commission to "adopt or amend technical and other guidance documents e.g. explanatory notes or guidance documents on the content of the application concerning micro-organisms, pheromones and biological products." Thus at least part of the problems experienced by applicants can be addressed in guidance documents. Industry representatives and companies directly concerned by evaluations or reviews of biocontrol agents should enter into discussions with evaluators (EFSA or Competent Authorities in Member States) without forgetting the leading role of the Commission. Industry should fix priorities, prepare rationales and make substantiated proposals dealing with data requirements considered inappropriate, unnecessary or unrealistic. 44
Chapter 6 Identified difficulties and conditions for field success of biocontrol. 2. Technical aspects: factors of efficacy Michelina Ruocco 1 , Sheridan Woo 1,2 , Francesco Vinale 1 , Stefania Lanzuise 2 , Matteo Lorito 1,2 1 CNR-IPP, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy 2 Dip. Arboricoltura, Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Università di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy Quality of the BCAs formulations Numerous investigations on the development of biopesticides have been initiated as legislation and government policy have demanded less reliance on chemical pesticides and greater adoption of IPM. In Europe, some countries have set goals of reducing pesticide use by 50%. Successes have been achieved through better timing of applications, so that lower dosages are effective and substituting less hazardous and more active materials, to reduce the number of applications. Biopesticides are distinguished from conventional chemical pesticides as many are very selective and are non-toxic towards non-target organisms. While biopesticides are likely to be less harmful to the environment than the conventional ones, care needs to be taken that wastage is minimised, by selecting the most appropriate droplet spectrum. A disadvantage of biological agents relative to chemicals, is that many are not sufficiently persistent and are relatively slow acting; therefore, research has been directed at extending the period of activity. However, some such agents may persist in the field or the forest for many months, and a risk–benefit analysis should be performed to establish their environmental acceptability. Transition from the optimised conditions of a laboratory experiment to the harsh conditions experienced in the field has so far proved more difficult for application of biopesticides in contrast to chemicals. This has undoubtedly been due to lack of investment in the development of effective formulations and delivery systems, in order to commercialise more potential biopesticides. The relatively small effort invested in target-specific sprayers, compared with the investment in laboratory studies, has led to unbalanced development, and exemplifies the need for closer integration between formulation and engineering research. The challenge is to get effective formulations so that biological control agents can be easily applied by farmers. A good example, the case of Trichoderma: direct and indirect mode of action against plant pathogens Trichoderma species have long been recognized as biological control agents (BCAs) for the control of plant disease and for their ability to increase plant growth and development. They are widely used in agriculture, and some of the most useful strains demonstrate a property known as ‘rhizosphere competence’, the ability to colonize and grow in association with plant roots (Harman 2000). Much of the known biology and many of the uses of these fungi have been documented recently (Harman et al. 2004a; Kubicek et al. 1998; Perello et al. 2009). The taxonomy of this fungal genus is continually being revised, and many new species are being described (Komon- Zelazowska et al. 2007; Kubicek et al. 2008; Overton et al. 2006; Samuels 2006; Samuels and 45
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IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
Page 3 and 4: Preface One of the Research Activit
Page 5 and 6: LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables (continued) Table 17
Page 9 and 10: Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
Page 53: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 59 and 60: Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
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Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
Page 81 and 82: Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
Page 87 and 88: Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
Page 91 and 92: Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
Page 99 and 100: Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
Page 101 and 102: Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
Page 103 and 104: Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
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Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
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Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
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Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
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Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
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Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
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Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
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Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
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Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
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Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
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Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
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Appendix 6 showed protein content o
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Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
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Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
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Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
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Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
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Appendix 7. Number of references re
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Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
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Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
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Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
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Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
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Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
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Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
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Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
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Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
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Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
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Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
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Appendix 10. Substances included in
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Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
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Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
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Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
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Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
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Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
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Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
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Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
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Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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