Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Heilig et al. the phytohormone ethylene and is mainly used to conserve cut flowers. It is placed among the chemicals. Uses of biocontrol products in five European countries Registered plant protection substances In each country all BCAs authorised for uses in seven crops or cropping groups were identified. Lists of representative products (generally up to two) were created and sorted according to uses in crops: pomefruit (apples and pears), vine, cereals, rape, maize, potatoes and tomatoes (greenhouse and field), the latter was extended to other vegetables where deemed of interest. In France twelve different microbial BCA species (or sub-species in the case of Bacillus thuringiensis) are authorised among which two species, Beauveria tenella and Candida oleophila are not yet included in 91/414 Annex I. Only four botanical active substances are authorised, including rotenon (EU non-inclusion decision in April 2008 but temporary authorisation in FR) and pyrethrum which were excluded from our survey. Fenugreek extracts benefited from a specific French approach to plant extracts under former national rules, while EU approval was given in 2010, after the survey. Laminarin is included in Annex I. Five Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones (SCLP) blends or associations (one just specifying minor components used for the single target codling moth) are registered for mating disruption in orchards or vineyard. In Germany nine microbial BCAs are authorised in Plant Protection Products (all included). Only four botanical substances are listed for plant protection, two of which are included in Annex I (pyrethrins and rape seed oil), two are not (azadirachtin and lecithin). Three different SCLP associations are authorised for mating disruption against Codling Moth or Vine Moths. For Germany only fully registered BC products according to the rules of the PPP directive were included in the survey. As a consequence, plant strengtheners authorised according to the Federal Plant Protection Act §§ 31ff were excluded. Plant Strengtheners can avoid the EU procedures and requiremments for plant protection products but they must not claim specific protective properties either. In Spain ten microbial BCAs are authorised, all of which are included in EU Annex 1. Only three botanical substances could be identified: Pyrethrins and rotenon which are excluded from the survey and Azadirachtin (Neem extract) which was re-included in EU Annex I in 2011. The plant growth regulators gibberellinic acid/gibberellin are not explored in the survey. Only four SCLP associations are authorised for mating disruption in vine and orchards including two for oriental fruit moth and peach twig borer typical for peach orchards. In Switzerland twelve different microbial BCA species (or sub-species in the case of Bacillus thuringiensis) are authorised, among which is one species not included in 91/414 Annex I: Beauveria brognartii. Eleven botanicals are approved, among which the insecticides Pyrethrum (included in EU Annex I) and rotenon (rejected from Annex I) have been excluded from the survey because of their toxicological profile. The plant growth regulators gibberellic acid and gibberellin were also excluded from the survey. Five substances not included in EU Annex I are authorised: Azadirachtin (Neem extract), fennel oil, lecithin, mustard powder and Quassia extract. An impressive number of semiochemicals, eleven different SCLP associations are authorized for mating disruption allowing the control a large variety of moths in orchards (including one association of 8 compounds against five different species) and vineyards. This can be related to the facilitated approval of pheromone products in Switzerland. In the UK eight microbial BCAs are approved but only a single botanical (Laminarin, EU approved) and a single pheromone blend (for codling moth). No biological plant protection products are available for use in grapevine, rape, maize or potatoes. With regard to the global availability of biological control products in the different crops, pomefruit, vegetables and vine are generally in a better position than arable crops in the countries included in the survey. In the UK e.g. only 40
Chapter 4 laminarin is available on wheat and cereals, and no biological plant protection products are registered for rape, maize or potatoes. None of the EU Member States covered in the present survey shows such a variety of BCAs as Switzerland where we find the largest numbers of microbials, botanicals and pheromone blends authorised in the crops subject of the inquiry. Only France reaches the number of twelve microbial BCAs in registered products. The privileged situation in the Helvetic Confederation can be explained by the flexible regulatory approach of the competent authorities in the past, until the progressive implementation of EU directive 91/414/EEC and the related framework, as well as the sustained support by experts in confederal agronomic institutes. Invertebrate biocontrol agents Invertebrate biocontrol agents (BCAs) used in the five European countries of this survey are listed in Appendix 11. In France invertebrate BCAs cannot be registered and they do not yet need to be formally declared, but a law passed on 12 th July 2010 created the basis to establish rules governing the introduction into the environment of non-indigeneous macro-organisms useful to plants. Procedures and requirements for authorisations which will also cover non-indigeneous beneficial are expected to be set up for the in the coming months. The list provided in the present survey is based on the voluntary declarations to ACTA by the producers wishing to have their beneficials published in the non-official Index Phytosanitaire. Invertabrate BCAs must be registered in Germany. An official list which is regularly updated is published by the Julius Kühn Institute. In Spain companies which are responsible of commercialisation of IBCAs must give information to the Ministry of Agriculture to allow the inscription into a register before commercialisation (Orden APA/1470/2007). This information given is about name of commercial product, identification of the organism, the manufacturer, the company responsible for commercialisation. Another law (43/2002; 20 th of November 2002) covers the introduction of exotic organisms (article 44). In Switzerland invertebrate BCAs must be formally approved by the BLW (Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft) and they are listed together with the plant protection products. In the United Kingdom no authorisation is required to release indigenous beneficials but the import (and release) of non indigenous species must be approved by the Advisory Committee for the Release of Exotics (ACRE acting under DEFRA). 41
Page 1 and 2: IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
Page 3 and 4: Preface One of the Research Activit
Page 5 and 6: LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables (continued) Table 17
Page 9 and 10: Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 49: Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 59 and 60: Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
Page 81 and 82: Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
Page 87 and 88: Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
Page 91 and 92: Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
Page 99 and 100: Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
Page 101 and 102:
Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
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Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
Page 105 and 106:
Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
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Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
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Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
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Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
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Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
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Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
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Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
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Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
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Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
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Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
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Appendix 6 showed protein content o
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Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
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Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
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Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
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Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
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Appendix 7. Number of references re
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Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
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Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
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Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
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Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
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Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
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Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
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Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
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Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
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Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
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Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
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Appendix 10. Substances included in
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
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Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
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Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
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Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
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Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
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Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
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Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
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Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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