Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Heilig et al. Table 11 (continued) Semiochemical / SCLP (2E, 13Z)-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (7E, 9E)-Dodecadien 1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (7E, 9Z)-Dodecadien 1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (7Z, 11E)-Hexadecadien-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (7Z, 11Z)-Hexadecdien-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (9Z, 12E)-Tetradecadien-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (E)-11-Tetradecen-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (E)-5-Decen-1-ol AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (E)-5-Decen-1-yl-acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (E)-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (E/Z)-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-11-Hexadecenal AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-11-Tetradecen-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-13-Octadecenal AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-7-Tetradecenal AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-8-Dodecen-1-ol AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-8-Dodecen-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-9-Dodecen-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-9-Hexadecenal AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-yl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 Dodecyl acetate AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 Tetradecan-1-ol AT A 4 01/09/2009 31/08/2019 2008/127 1 AC=acaricide, AT= attractant, BA=bactericide, EL=elicitor, FU=fungicide, HB=herbicide, IN=insecticida, MO=molluscicide, NE=nematicide, PA=Plant Activator, PG=Plant Growth, RE=repellent, RO=rodenticide. 2 Category in [ ] added by author 3 A: Existing active substances divided into four lists for phased evaluations; C: New active substances Micro-organisms The term micro-organism is defined in regulation (EC) No 1107/2009: ‘micro-organisms’ means any microbiological entity, including lower fungi and viruses, cellular or non-cellular, capable of replication or of transferring genetic material.. This definition applies to, but is not limited to, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and viroids. It does not include multicellular organisms, such as nematodes or insects. Twenty five microbial species are included in annex I, some of which are represented by several strains. Six bacterial (sub)species (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas chlororaphis and four subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis) and two virus species (Cydia pomonella Granulose Virus and Spodoptera exigua NPV) are included. All B.t. subspecies and viral agents are approved for insect control. Pseudomonas is approved for fungicidal seed treatments and Bacillus subtilis can be used against plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Seventeen fungal agents belonging to twelve genera are listed, Trichoderma being represented by five species. Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillimum muscarium and Metarhizium anisopliae are approved for use as insecticides, the other fungal agents for use against fungal diseases. Semiochemicals (attractants) Semiochemicals are chemical substances such as pheromones, kairomones and allomones that act to modify the behaviour of pests or their natural enemies. In the table based on the EU Pesticides Database, Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones (SCLP) are highlighted in green, non-SCLP-pheromones in light cyan and other attractants (including hydrolysed proteins) are highlighted in yellow. There is one repellent which is marked in light red. 38
Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in annex I as a group but 25 compounds of this group are also listed individually. In the inclusion directive 2008/127/EC, some molecules are mentioned three times, as an individual substance, in a blend of the same type, e.g. acetates and in mixed blends, e.g. alcohols and acetates. Often single SCLP compounds show attraction to one or more moth species and typically a combination of two or more of these compounds in a precise ratio enhances the attraction and the specificity. Thus SCLPs should be considered as a whole group and it must not be concluded that each compounds stands for one species. The SCLPs listed individually are typical examples found in the pheromone blends of moth pest species currently of economic importance. A large variety of compounds and isomers, an estimated number of about 300 identified molecules, used by Lepidopterans are not listed here. They differ in carbon chain length, in the number of double bonds and/or their positions and in their chemical functional group (alcohol, acetate or aldehyde). SCLPs can be used for mass trapping, mating disruption or in attract and kill devices (A&K) or formulations. When associated with an insecticide, i.e in A&K products, attractants do not need to be included in annex I. Two non SCLP pheromones, (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11yn-1-yl acetate and (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19- Docosatetraen-1-yl isobutyrate, as well as four semiochemicals other than pheromones attractive to different fly (Diptera) species are listed in the EU Pesticides Database: Ammonium acetate, hydrolysed proteins, putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) and Trimethylamine hydrochloride. Other Plant Protection substances of natural origin This group has been created for the purpose of the survey. It includes mineral substances as well as substances produced by or derived from animals or from micro-organisms. Thus very diversified substances and products like limestone powder, kaolin as well as diatomaceous earth (Kieselguhr), fatty acids and their derivates (e.g. soaps) can be found in this group. Not all substances of this group do meet the expectation of low non-target toxicity and low environmental impact. Some active substances included in annex I are produced by micro-organisms. Spinosad which is produced by the bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa finds its place here; it is accepted for organic farming. Milbemectin is a mixture of natural compounds (milbemycins) isolated from fermentation broth of the fungus Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosus. The substance is active against insects of different families and a large range of mites. Abamectin contains avermectins which are biosynthesised by Streptomyces avermitilis. The substance shows very high toxicity in Mammals and in aquatic organisms. Milbemectin and abamectin are not authorised in organic crop protection. Potassium hydrogen carbonate is a slightly basic substance used for its fungicidal properties. The US FDA considers this substance as GRAS (Generally Recognised as Safe). Six natural substances are specifically marked in the EU List, they are used as animal repellents: three are minerals (Calcium carbonate, limestone, sodium aluminium silicate), two are of animal origin (fish oil and sheep fat) while methyl nonyle ketone is either produced by synthesis or extracted from plant oils (rue). The latter repellent acts by its strong odour. It is naturally present in some edible crops and spices. Limit cases and exclusions With regards to their (eco)toxicological profile and environmental impact neither sulphur and its derivates (iron sulphate) nor cupric compounds i.e. Bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide, copper oxichloride and cuprous oxide are considered here as typical biological substances although they might be accepted in organic agriculture. Tall oils (crude or pitch) are a by-product in the Kraft process used in the paper industry. Thus they are substances resulting from a chemical process and are classified as chemicals here. Calcium carbide is produced from lime and coke in electric arc furnaces. It is fitted among chemicals but is used as a repellent like some other minerals. 1-Methyl-cyclopropene is an inhibitor of the effects of 39
Page 1 and 2: IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
Page 3 and 4: Preface One of the Research Activit
Page 5 and 6: LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables (continued) Table 17
Page 9 and 10: Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
Page 47: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 59 and 60: Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
Page 81 and 82: Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
Page 87 and 88: Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
Page 91 and 92: Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
Page 101 and 102:
Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
Page 105 and 106:
Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
Page 107 and 108:
Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
Page 109 and 110:
Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
Page 111 and 112:
Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
Page 115 and 116:
Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
Page 117 and 118:
Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
Page 119 and 120:
Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
Page 121 and 122:
Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
Page 123 and 124:
Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
Page 127 and 128:
Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
Page 129 and 130:
Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix 6 showed protein content o
Page 141 and 142:
Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
Page 143 and 144:
Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
Page 149 and 150:
Appendix 7. Number of references re
Page 151 and 152:
Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
Page 157 and 158:
Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
Page 161 and 162:
Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
Page 165 and 166:
Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
Page 171 and 172:
Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix 10. Substances included in
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
Page 177 and 178:
Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
Page 179 and 180:
Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
Page 181 and 182:
Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
Page 183 and 184:
Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
Page 185 and 186:
Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
Page 187 and 188:
Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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