Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Ris & Malausa Bulletin of Entomological Research (7%). Impact Factors are respectively 1.805, 1.957, 0.874, 0.886 and 1.415. The types of the works were categorized according to the simplified sequential steps in R&D of biological programmes: BCA Inventories BCA characterization (systematic, molecular tools) Pest or BCA rearing BCA biology (life history traits, thermal biology, behavioural ecology) Pre-release survey BCA introduction Post-release survey. Studies related to “non-target effects” (i.e. the direct or indirect impacts of the ClBCA on non-target species) as well as those related to the “biocontrol disruption” (i.e. the negative impacts of organisms on the ClBCA) (details in Appendix 9.3) were also categorized. As shown in Figure 10, most of the ClBC related publications logically deals either with BCA biology, BCA introductions or post-release surveys which are central steps of the ClBC programmes. A strong discrepancy nevertheless exists between the different types of work in term of scientific publication; highest Impact Factors are relied to studies linked to Nonintended effects, Biocontrol disruption or BCA Biology. [Remark: The different steps of R&D in Classical Biological Control are currently unequally promoted with regard to “scientific criteria”, with a clear emphasis on community ecology including non target effects. Such trend may be detrimental to the short-term development of less gratifying tasks and consequently on the whole dynamism of ClBC.] BCA Introductions As shown in Table 9, 65 introductions were recorded during the period of 1991-2006. This list is probably not exhaustive insofar as “cryptic introductions” may have been missed. This list does not also cover all the R&D in classical biocontrol programmes since some programmes may have been interrupted before releases. A faunistic inventory of the natural enemies of the North American leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus has for instance been led by our lab in 2000-2002 but the rearing of BCA candidates (mainly dryinids and eggparasitoids) were not successful. All these releases involve 55 different biocontrol agents (all hymenopteran except the Pseudacteon species used against the fire ant Solenopsis invicta) and 35 pests. 57% of these pests were Hemiptera, other being quite equally distributed between Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. Most of these introductions were realized against pest found on orchards and in particular Citrus. Other targeted crops were mainly tropical productions, ornamental or forest. Most of the BCA introductions (42%) were realized in Europe or neighbouring countries (including Mediterranean Basin) and in North America (26%). The percentages of introductions in other geographical areas were: Australia-New Zealand and neighbouring islands (12%), South America (8%), sub-Saharan Africa (8%), Pacific Islands (3%), Asia (1%). The total number of released parasitoids and number of sites were highly variable ranging respectively from 456 to 660000 individuals and from 2 to 132 sites. The percentage of establishment was 83% and, when established, high parasitism was found in 42% of the cases. It is noteworthy that these values are relatively high compared to other estimates and we are currently unable to say if this is linked to an improvement of practices or methodological differences or biases. [Remark: With regard to natural or other human-mediated introductions of exotic species, species flow associated with the ClBC seems to be rather limited. Although possible non-intended effects cannot be excluded (their studies having to be increased), we fear that too drastic regulations could severely disturbed R&D programmes] 24
Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the success of ClBC is difficult because of methodological several biases (“cryptic introductions”, barriers linked to languages and/or publishing). Shared international database should be necessary for more accurate estimation as well as an increasing traceability.] [Remark: In parallel with the geographical expansion of their related pests, some biocontrol agents have been repeatedly released and established worldwide. Population genetics studies in such pest-BCA interactions should be particularly interesting to understand local adaptations, co-evolutionary processes and ultimately, the durability of Classical Biological Control.] 25
Page 1 and 2: IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
Page 3 and 4: Preface One of the Research Activit
Page 5 and 6: LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables (continued) Table 17
Page 9 and 10: Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
Page 33: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 59 and 60: Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
Page 81 and 82: Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
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Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
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Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
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Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
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Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
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Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
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Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
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Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
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Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
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Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
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Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
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Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
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Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
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Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
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Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
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Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
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Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
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Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
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Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
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Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
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Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
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Appendix 6 showed protein content o
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Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
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Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
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Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
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Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
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Appendix 7. Number of references re
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Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
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Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
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Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
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Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
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Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
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Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
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Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
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Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
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Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
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Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
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Appendix 10. Substances included in
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Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
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Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
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Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
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Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
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Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
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Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
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Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
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Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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