Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Chapter 3 Potential of biocontrol based on published research. 3. Research and Development in classical biological control with emphasis on the recent introduction of insect parasitoids Nicolas Ris and Jean Claude Malausa INRA, UE 1254, Unité expérimentale de Lutte Biologique, Centre de recherche PACA, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France Scope of the review Defined as “the intentional introduction of an exotic, usually co-evolved, biological control agent [hereafter BCA] for permanent establishment and long-term pest control’, classical biological control [hereafter ClBC] is a pest control strategy that has crystallized numerous studies since more than one century and provided numerous efficient solutions for pest control. The main advantages and risks of this strategy can be summarized as follows. In a context of the globalisation of international trade and human mobility, an ever growing number of exotic pests emerge locally. Such species can rapidly pullulate and jeopardize cultural practices. This general trend can also be favoured by global climatic changes that may allow the development of agronomic pests beyond their initial distribution area and increase their demography. Within this context, ClBC appears often to be the first way to try to regulate such pest populations. Moreover, when successful, ClBC appears to be very economic insofar as financial costs are only associated with the identification, evaluation and initial releases of exotic BCA. Contrary to other pest control strategy, the implication of practitioners and other costs are not necessary after the establishment of the BCA. The overall financial costs of such operations are consequently rather limited with regard to the durability of the pest control, in particular when the local introduction of a new BCA benefits from the previous experiences in other countries. Nevertheless, at least two kinds of risks are usually associated with ClBC. First of all, the average success rate of ClBC varies between 10 and 30% according to the authors for a total of more than 5000 introductions worldwide during the last century. As consequence, such operations may also appear too risky to be funded. Another risk is those associated with the non-target effects. Although few cases have been reported, their echoes may have contributed to a more harmonized approach and in some countries to more or less stringent regulations. As consequences, classical biological programmes are at the crossroad of several concerns: - agronomic; insofar as each introduction of exotic BCA is obviously an hope for the producers ; - scientific; ClBC namely questions both ecologist and evolutionist in order to optimize the probability of establishment while minimizing the non-target effects. Their implication on such issues nevertheless depends on their own interest (in term of scientific question and/or possibility or publishing); - political; since the introduction of BCA may depend on regulation or homologation decided at national or international levels; 20
Chapter 3 - financial; since the development of ClBC is relying on various sources of funding (agronomic partners, scientific partners, politic institutions) with various interests and rationale (more or less short-term results, scientific excellence versus applied objectives). Within this context, global evaluations of ClBC programmes are necessary to better understand the evolution of this practice and try to improve its use and efficiency. This has been repeatedly achieved during the last years either through reviews or meta-analysis. Based on a large (but probably not exhaustive) bibliographic survey, the present work aims to give a complementary point of view with the willingness to portray a realistic “state of the art” of Research and Development programmes of ClBC against arthropods. This chapter also firstly gives a broad temporal survey of the publication and a more precise survey of the literature for the decade [1999; 2008]. Biocontrol programmes against arthropods were then more precisely detailed with the objectives to give qualitative cues about the main pests and the types of related studies. Finally, a particular emphasis has been put on recent introductions of exotic insect parasitoids. Based on these data, we also address some more or less important subjective recommendations based on our own opinion. Method A large bibliographic survey has been conducted with the CAB abstracts. Several combinations of key-words were used with various successes. Too broad (e.g; cases for which discussion about ClBC are marginal) or unprecise (e.g. cases for which a pest is not precised) publications were excluded. A total of 764 publications were found using the keywords “classical biological control” or “classical biocontrol”. 452 papers were published during the period [1999-2008] but about 30% were not relevant with regard to the purpose of this survey and have been discarded. Using the more complex combinations [“biological control” AND “exotic” AND “introduction”], 329 ClBC-related publications were obtained but only 253 dressed precisely questions related to classical biological control. 117 were published during the selected temporal frame but only 81 were relevant with regard to our objectives. Additionally, 47 ClBC-related publications were obtained using the more keywords association [“biological control” AND “exotic” AND “importation”] with 17 papers for the last ten years. Most of this literature was dedicated to the risk or regulatory aspects associated with the importation of exotic BCA so that only 7 relevant publications with regard to our objectives. Finally, 130 publications were found using “acclimatization” AND “biological control” for only one relevant publication for the targeted period. A total of 358 publications were also obtained which is probably for far from being exhaustive. For instance, 37 new references about BCA introductions were found in addition to the first 35 references found with the previous key-words combinations (see Table 9). Additional bibliographic research were also realised for some taxa (see below) [Remark: Although the terms “classical biological control” or “classical biocontrol” may be not as explicit as others (“introduction”, “importation”), the generalization of their use in titles, key-words or abstracts should be nevertheless used in order to improve the efficiency of bibliographic survey] 21
Page 1 and 2: IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
Page 3 and 4: Preface One of the Research Activit
Page 5 and 6: LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables (continued) Table 17
Page 9 and 10: Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
Page 27 and 28: Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
Page 29: Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
Page 59 and 60: Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
Page 67 and 68: Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 7 purification, formulation
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
Page 79 and 80: Conclusions and perspectives reduct
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Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
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Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
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Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
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Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
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Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
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Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
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Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
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Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
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Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
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Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
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Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
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Appendix 1 Li, G. Q., Huang, H. C.,
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Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
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Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
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Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
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Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
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Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
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Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
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Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
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Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
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Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
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Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
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Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
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Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
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Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
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Appendix 6 showed protein content o
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Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
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Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
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Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
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Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
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Appendix 7. Number of references re
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Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
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Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
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Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Re
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Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
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Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
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Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
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Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
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Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
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Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
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Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
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Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
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Appendix 10. Substances included in
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Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
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Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
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Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
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Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
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Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
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Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
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Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
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Page 191 and 192:
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Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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