Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

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Giorgini (Appendix for Chapter 2) 8.4 Predators of insects. Neuroptera: Chrysopidae [3 species] and Coleoptera: Coccinellidae [2 species] Reference Daane et al., 1996 Daane & Yokota, 1997 Wunderlich & Giles, 1999 Species of biocontrol agent NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE Chrysoperla carnea (common green lacewing) Chrysoperla carnea, C. comanche, C. rufilabris Chrysoperla rufilabris Species of insect pest Erythroneura variabilis, E. elegantula (leafhoppers) Erythroneura variabilis, E. elegantula (leafhoppers) Erythroneura variabilis, E. elegantula (leafhoppers) COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE Anagnou et al., 2003 Nephus includens Planococcus citri Daane et al., 2008 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Pseudococcus maritimus, P. longispinus (mealybugs) Mani, 2008 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Planococcus citri * + means effective, - means not effective biocontrol agent. Taxonomic category of pests Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Country Type of augmentation Type of test California Inundative Field (caged smallplot) Field (uncaged small-plot) Field (on-farm trials) Efficacy of biocontrol agents* Additional information and results - Average leafhopper density reduction 29.5%. - Release rates reflecting commercial recommendations. Average reduction 15.5%. - Average reduction 9.6% Not sufficient to lower the leafhopper density below the economic injury threshold. California Inundative Field - Aspects of release strategies evaluated. High mortality of lacewing eggs and neonate larvae. California Inundative Field A mechanical technique was assessed for releasing eggs in liquid suspensions. Adhesion of eggs to the canopy was an issue. Greece Field It is suggested, for combined infestation by L. botrana and mealybugs, the application of B. thuringiensis and the releases of the effective predator N. includens. California Inoculative Field Commonly released in vineyards, but release rates, timing, and expected outcomes have not been scientifically evaluated. It may be best used by releasing at hot India Inundative Green house + spots where the mealybug density is high. 144
Appendix 8 8.5 Fungi [5 species] Reference Berner & Schnetter, 2002 Tsitsipis et al., 2003 Species of biocontrol agent Beauveria brongniartii (in combination with the nematode H. bacteriophora) Beauveria bassiana Species of insect pest Melolontha melolontha (European cockchafer) Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) Taxonomic category of pests Coleoptera: Scarabeidae Thysanoptera: Thripidae Al-Jboory et al., 2006 Beauveria bassiana grape thrips Thysanoptera: Thripidae Lopes et al., 2002 Metarhizium anisopliae Frankliniella Thysanoptera: occidentalis Thripidae Laengle et al., 2004 Kirchmair et al., 2004 Kirchmair et al., 2005 Huber & Kirchmair, 2007 Metarhizium anisopliae Metarhizium anisopliae Metarhizium anisopliae Metarhizium anisopliae Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (grape phylloxera) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (grape phylloxera) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (grape phylloxera) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (grape phylloxera) Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae Country Type of augmentation Type of test Germany Inundative Field (soil) Efficacy of Additional information and results biocontrol agents* + Only under optimum conditions and with high doses control of the white grubs could be reached. Greece Inundative Field + - B. bassiana in combination with mass trapping was compared to mass trapping or insecticides. Less efficient in the control of insect population if compared to some chemicals. Iraq Lab + Two isolates of B. bassiana showed 100% mortality after 5 days Brazil Inundative Field + The effect of chemicals (thiacloprid and methiocarb) with or without M.a. was tested. M.a. in combination with methiocarb was the best strategy. Austria Inundative Field Non-target effects on soil fauna: no negative effects detected. Austria Inundative Lab + M.a. was effective in pot experiments. Potential role of M.a. in grape phylloxera control. Germany Inundative Field + M.a. was effective. No target effects on soil fauna (Acari, Collembola, Lumbricida and the Carabidae Harpalus affinis) and fungi. Germany Inundative Field - Evaluation of efficacy: more difficulties arise in testing the efficacy of M.a. under field conditions because of the uneven distribution of roots and pest insects in the soil. 145
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IOBC OILB WPRS SROP In te rn atio n
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Preface One of the Research Activit
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LORITO Matteo UNINA, Dip. Arboricol
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List of Tables (continued) Table 17
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Contents Chapter 1 Potential of bio
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Chapter 1 Potential of biological c
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Chapter 1 To allow for the analysis
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Chapter 1 Table 4: Microbial specie
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Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) T. lo
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Chapter 1 Table 4 (continued) Cupri
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Chapter 1 other was aiming at ident
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Chapter 2 Table 5: References extra
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Chapter 2 Table 6: Biocontrol agent
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Table 7 (continued) Chapter 2 Hemip
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Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis: 2
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Chapter 3 - financial; since the de
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Chapter 3 Pathogens and Nematodes a
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Chapter 3 [Remark: Estimating the s
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Chapter 3 100% 80% 60% P = Phytopha
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Chapter 3 0,25 4 0,20 % dedicated t
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Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
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Chapter 3 Table 9: Recent introduct
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Chapter 4 The survey was limited to
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Chapter 4 Table 11 (continued) Othe
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Chapter 4 SCLPs are included in ann
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Chapter 4 laminarin is available on
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Chapter 5 (EC) No 1109/2009. Tests
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Chapter 6 Identified difficulties a
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Chapter 6 Table 12: Evidence for, a
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Table 13: Trichoderma-based prepara
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Chapter 6 Many preparations have be
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Chapter 6 Persistence, physiologica
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Chapter 6 Harman, G. E. (2006) Over
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Chapter 6 Sharon, E., Bar-Eyal, M.,
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Chapter 7 purification, formulation
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Chapter 7 Business profitability Co
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Chapter 8 A survey was carried out
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Chapter 8 80 70 60 %of supply %of a
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Chapter 8 efficacy and the price of
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Conclusions and perspectives reduct
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Appendices For Chapter 1 Appendix 1
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Appendix 1 B O Milsana + Brevibacil
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Appendix 1 Strawberry (target patho
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Appendix 1 Fruits - postharvest (ap
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Appendix 1 Legumes (Fabaceae) (targ
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Appendix 1 Miscellaneous crops (tar
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Appendix 1 Lecanicillium muscarium
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Appendix 1 Bedini, S., Bagnoli, G.,
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Appendix 1 Dik, A., and Wubben, J.
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Appendix 1 Gerlagh, M., Amsing, J.
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Appendix 1 Jing, W., Tu, K., Shao,
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Page 105 and 106: Appendix 1 Morandi, M. A. B., Maffi
Page 107 and 108: Appendix 1 Rabea, E. I., Badawy, M.
Page 109 and 110: Appendix 1 Sutton, J. C., Liu, W.,
Page 111 and 112: Appendix 1 Zahavi, T., Cohen, L., W
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on grapes
Page 115 and 116: Appendix 2 Powdery mildew on cucurb
Page 117 and 118: Appendix 2 Askary, H. (1998). Patho
Page 119 and 120: Appendix 2 Malathrakis, N. E. (2002
Page 121 and 122: Appendix 3. Inventory of biocontrol
Page 123 and 124: Appendix 3 References on biocontrol
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 4. Inventory of biocontrol
Page 127 and 128: Appendix 4 Grapes (target pathogen
Page 129 and 130: Appendix 4 References on biocontrol
Page 131 and 132: Appendix 4 Robak, J., and Ostrowska
Page 133 and 134: Appendix 5 Cherry (target pathogens
Page 135 and 136: Appendix 5 Successful inhibition in
Page 137 and 138: Appendix 5 Smilanick, J. L., Denis-
Page 139 and 140: Appendix 6 showed protein content o
Page 141 and 142: Appendix 6 El-Khallal, S. M. (2007)
Page 143 and 144: Appendix 6 Liu, Q., J. C. Yu, et al
Page 145 and 146: Appendix 6 of tomato wilt pathogen
Page 147 and 148: Appendix 6 incognita, respectively.
Page 149 and 150: Appendix 7. Number of references re
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 8. Collection of data on a
Page 153: Appendix 8 Camporese & Duso, 1996 T
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 8 Berner & Schnetter, 2002
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 8 Morandi-Filho et al., 20
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 8 Marshall D.B. & Lester P
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 9 9.2. Details on the use
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 9 References 1. Abd-Rabou
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 9 50. Gariepy TD, Kuhlmann
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 9 97. Langewald J, Neuensc
Page 171 and 172: Appendix 9 146. Roltsch WJ, Meyerdi
Page 173 and 174: Appendix 10. Substances included in
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 10 Chemical Dimoxystrobin
Page 177 and 178: Appendix 10 Chemical Prosulfocarb '
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 10 Natural other Abamectin
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 11. Invertebrate beneficia
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 11 11.2. Invertebrate bioc
Page 185 and 186: Appendix 11 Coccinella septempuncta
Page 187 and 188: Appendix 11 Trichogramma brassicae
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 11 Diglyphus isaea Digline
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