Classical and augmentative biological control against ... - IOBC-WPRS

Appendix 6
El-Khallal, S. M. (2007). "Induction and modulation of resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease by bioagent fungi (arbuscular mycorrhiza) and/or hormonal elicitors (jasmonic acid & salicylic
acid): 2 - changes in the antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and pathogen related-proteins." Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 1(4): 717-732.
Induction of plant defense against pathogen attack is regulated by a complex network of different signals. In the present study interaction between hormonal signals [jasmonic acid (JA) or salicylic acid
(SA)] and bioagent [arbuscular mychorrhiza (AM) fungi] was used as new strategy to enhance tomato defense responses against wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum (Fo). Thus changes in
various physiological defenses including antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and pathogenesis related (PR) proteins were investigated in leaves of tomato plants. Results appeared that production
of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly H2O2 and O2 increasing the time of infection. Application with bioagent AM fungi and/or hormonal elicitors (JA & SA) markedly decreased these levels,
while LOX activity greatly increased as compared with infected control. SA - treated plants had the highest MDA level but JA+AM fungi treated plants recorded the highest LOX activity. Infection by
Fusarium oxysporm significantly increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX and CAT) in tomato leaves at different stages of growth. The highest activity was recorded in leaves of AM
fungi+JA-treated plants, while treatments with SA especially when applied alone markedly decreased H2O2 scavenging enzymes (APX and CAT) and greatly increased SOD activity. Thus, imbalance
between H2O2 - generation and scavenging enzymes in leaves may reflect a defense mechanism in tomato or a pathogenicity strategy of the fungus. Levels of certain phenolic acids greatly changed in
tomato leaves in response to Fusarium oxysporum, AM fungi and hormonal elicitors. Benzoic and Galleic acids contents markedly decreased, however, contents of coumaric, cinnamic, chlorogenic and
ferulic acids increased in leaves of all treatments. Also, activity of lignification enzymes POX, PPX and PAL significantly increased in leaves of infected tomato plants. JA-treated plants caused the
highest POX and PPX activities, while SA-treated plants having the highest PAL activities. High accumulation of phenolic compounds and activity POX, PPX and PAL in these plants may reflect a
component of many defense signals activated by bioagent and hormonal inducers which leading to the activation of power defense system in tomato against attack. Analysis of protein electrophoresis
revealed that interaction between hormone signal (JA & SA) and bioagent AM fungi mediating the expression of the majority of different PR-proteins leading to increasing defense mechanism against
Fusarium oxysporum infection. Thus, induction of protein bands of molecular weights 35, 33, 32, 31 (PR-2, beta-1, 3 glucanase), 30.5 and 27 (PR-3,-4, chitinase) in infected leaves indicated the
important role which played in disease resistance. Finally, the new mechanism of the combination strategy between bioagent and hormonal signals (either synergistically or antagonistically) played
important roles for increasing various defense systems and altering expression of defense genes which leading to different PR-proteins working together to increased resistance in tomato plants against
wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. In addition, results revealed that defense mechanism in plants treated with AM fungi and JA are more effective than AM fungi plus SA-treated plants.
Floch, G. l., J. Vallance, et al. (2009). "Combining the oomycete Pythium oligandrum with two other antagonistic fungi: root relationships and tomato grey mold biocontrol." Biological Control 50(3): 288-
298.
To reduce Pythium oligandrum biocontrol variability and improve its efficacy, experiments were performed by combining the oomycete with two other antagonistic fungi, Fusarium dishes, Fo47 or T.
harzianum hyphae destroyed P. oligandrum cells by antibiosis and mycoparasitism processes; in the rhizosphere of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum), the same antagonistic features were
observed. However, in the rhizosphere, hyphae are frequently separated by a certain distance; this allows the coexistence and the persistence of the three microorganisms on the root systems. When
introduced in the rhizosphere, Fo47 and P. oligandrum were able to penetrate the root tissues with Fo47 limited to the epidermal and upper layers of cortical cells while P. oligandrum colonized deeper
tissue at a faster rate. The two antagonists were killed in few days within roots following elicited plant-defense reactions. T. harzianum was not able to penetrate root tissues. Root colonization with either
P.oligandrum alone or in combination with Fo47 and/or T. harzianum resulted in systemic plant resistance which provided plant protection against Botrytis cinerea infection of leaves. The level of control
and the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins) in leaves were similar whatever the antagonistic microbial treatment applied to roots.
Gay, M. I. T., Anonymous, et al. (2009). Substrates containing a Trichoderma asperellum strain for biological control of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia, Universidad de Barcelona.
The strain of Trichoderma asperellum T34(2) CECT No. 20417 is useful for preparing substrates for biological control of vascular fusariose and death of plants caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The
substrates can be peats, composts (hardwood compost, pine bark compost, cork compost, sludge compost from sewage treatment plants, garden residues, etc.) or formulations based on CPV-type
compost (compost+peat+vermiculite). The fact that the substrates suppress both Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solani provides an advantage in comparison with other substrates
known in prior art. Another advantage is that the use of methyl bromide, a highly harmful product for the environment, in the control of vascular fusariose is avoided.
Huang, X., J. Luo, et al. (2009). "Isolation and bioactivity of endophytic fungi in Derris hancei." Journal of South China Agricultural University 30(2): 44-47.
Derris hancei Hemsl. The antagonism of endophytic fungi against fungal pathogens was tested in vitro. Penicillium sp. Q1, Rhizoctonia sp. S1, Phomopsis sp. N2, and Corticium sp. F1 isolated from the
caudex of D. hancei, and Penicillium sp. Q2 isolated from the leaf, inhibited the hyphal growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz, Fusarium oxysporum f. niveum (E. F. Smith) Snyber et Hansen,
Rhizoctonia sp. S1 against Colletotrichum orbiculare Arx, and Phomopsis sp. N2 against Colletotrichum musae (Berk1 & Curt1) Arx1 on dual culture with inhibition index II. It was reported that
endophytic fungus in D.hancei could produced antibacterial substances in this paper. The culture filtrates of Penicillium sp. Q2 treated in 48 h after treatment possessed 100.00% of adjusted mortality
against the 2nd larvae of Spodoptera litura by leaves disc feeding bioassays, and 75.10% against Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach (apterous adult) by insect-soaking method, respectively, which showed that
the activity of Penicillium sp. Q2 was higher than that of other endophytic fungi.
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