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Material and Methods 6 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Sampling Site Figure 2.1: Map of the western part of the Bay of Gdańsk with Puck Bay. The broken line indicates the underwater sandy bank separating Puck Lagoon from the outer Puck Bay. Arrows indicate the river mouths of Vistula and Reda. Sampling sites were the beach of the village Hel (") and a reference station at the Baltic Sea side of Hel Peninsula (").
Material and Methods 7 Sampling took place on Hel Peninsula in <strong>Poland</strong>. It is a 36 km long sandy spit which forms Puck Bay, the south western part of the Bay of Gdańsk (Baltic Sea) (Figure 2.1). Puck Bay is a semi-enclosed gulf characterized by low average salinities of 7.6 (Nowacki, 1993). Depths range from 2 m in the western part of the Bay to 50 m in the eastern part (Nowacki, 1984). Puck Bay is divided by an underwater sandy bank into the inner shallower Puck Lagoon (average depth 3.1 m) and the outer Puck Bay (average depth 20.5 m). This bank is divided by two straits where intensive water exchange between outer Puck Bay and Puck Lagoon occurs. The bay is influenced by marine waters from the Gulf of Gdańsk as well as by terrestrial waters. 76.3% of the whole Puck Bay catchment area drains into Puck Lagoon. Puck Bay is classified as eutrophic. It is polluted with wastewaters from three sewage treatment facilities and seven rivers (Kruk-Dowgiałło & Szaniawska, 2008) the largest being the Reda River. The annual N input into Puck Bay is 2,275 t a -1 (Pempkowiak, 1994). The average inflow of wet nitrogen from the atmosphere was estimated to be 306,040 t (Bolałek et al., 1993). Furthermore high flux rates up to 1434 µmol NH 4 -N m -2 day -1 from sediment to bottom water were found within the Puck Bay (Bolałek & Graca, 1996) leading to an amount of about 825 t NH 4 per year passing from the sediment to near-bottom water. Approximately 205,400 t inorganic N (IN) flow from the Gulf of Gdańsk into Puck Bay annually. Outflow of substances occurs mainly in winter being 197,600 t IN a -1 (Kruk-Dowgiałło & Szaniawska, 2008). Hel Peninsula has evolved during the Holocene. Its coast consists basically of recent alluvial and littoral zone Holocene sediments (Furmanczyk, 2007). Pleistocene deposits are present in the substratum of the whole spit (Tomczak, 1995). In the eastern part of the spit where sampling took place, the Holocene series is fully developed with a thickness up to 100 m (Figure 2.2). The surficial bottom sediments of the coast around the head of the spit (study area) consist mainly of medium-grained sands (Kramarska, 1995). The bottom sediments of Puck Bay consist mainly of sand and mud (Krzymiński et al., 2004). There are at least three main ground water horizons underlying Puck Bay: One upper Cretaceous, one Tertiary and one Quaternary horizon. Puck Bay is the main drainage area for those aquifers (Dowgiałło & Kozerski, 1975; Sadurski, 1986). Seismoacoustic profiling showed a series of permeable deposits under the sea floor (Jankowska et al., 1992). Since the groundwaters of the three aquifers are fresh, the existence of drainage zones is indicated by changes in the salinity of the sediment-water interface. SGD into the Puck Bay occurs mainly by ascensic seepage through the seabed (Figure 2.2). On Hel
Page 1 and 2: Input and fate of dissolved nitroge
Page 3 and 4: Abstract II Abstract The aim of thi
Page 5 and 6: Abstract IV Um die Quellen und Senk
Page 7 and 8: Introduction 1 1 Introduction Eutro
Page 9 and 10: Introduction 3 where one aspect dea
Page 11: Introduction 5 producer and consume
Page 15 and 16: Material and Methods 9 The main sam
Page 17 and 18: Material and Methods 11 Figure 2.4:
Page 19 and 20: Material and Methods 13 Figure 2.5:
Page 21 and 22: Material and Methods 15 t indicates
Page 23 and 24: Material and Methods 17 f = N N s s
Page 25 and 26: Material and Methods 19 Due to low
Page 27 and 28: Material and Methods 21 f = S P −
Page 29 and 30: Results 23 Table 3.1: Number of sam
Page 31 and 32: Results 25 Figure 3.2: Ammonium (NH
Page 33 and 34: Results 27 positioned closest to th
Page 35 and 36: Results 29 The mixing behaviour of
Page 37 and 38: Results 31 Figure 3.6: Ammonium (NH
Page 39 and 40: Results 33 values found in the seas
Page 41 and 42: Results 35 conservative mixing line
Page 43 and 44: Results 37 3.5 Benthic Chambers To
Page 45 and 46: Results 39 3.6 Core incubation expe
Page 47 and 48: Results 41 δ 13 C values about -18
Page 49 and 50: Results 43 Figure 3.15: Isotope dia
Page 51 and 52: Discussion 45 4 Discussion 4.1 SGD
Page 53 and 54: Discussion 47 Table 4.1: Seepage ra
Page 55 and 56: Discussion 49 data to calculate a m
Page 57 and 58: Discussion 51 maxima were approxima
Page 59 and 60: Discussion 53 reduction. This means
Page 61 and 62: Discussion 55 Table 4.3: Different
Page 63 and 64:
Discussion 57 Table 4.4: Different
Page 65 and 66:
Discussion 59 NH + 4 values. The 18
Page 67 and 68:
Discussion 61 ammonium (more than 5
Page 69 and 70:
Discussion 63 (McClelland et al., 1
Page 71 and 72:
Bibliography 65 Burdige, D.J. & Zhe
Page 73 and 74:
Bibliography 67 Jankowska, H., Matc
Page 75 and 76:
Bibliography 69 Moore, W.S. (2010)
Page 77 and 78:
Bibliography 71 Thamdrup, B. & Dals
Page 79:
Selbständigkeitserklärung 73 Selb
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