Zooplankton of the open Baltic: Extended Atlas - IOW

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Appendicularia (Plate 5.3.29) Appendicularia are the exclusively holoplanktonic tunicates (Chordata, Tunicata). They are also called Larvacea because of their apparent retention of ascidian larval organisation. Appendicularians are tiny solitary animals with peculiar anatomy and unique filter feeding system. The two types of larvacean which are commonly found in plankton samples can be readily separated by reference to the shape and size of their body and tail. Members of the Oikopleuridae have a relatively compact body and linear tail (Fig. 5.1.17 a), while Fritillaridae have a more delicate body and thin, broad tail (Fig. 5.1.17 b). Oikopleura dioika is one of the most common appendicularians, rather abundant in the Baltic Sea (Plate 5.3.29). It looks like one of the tadpole ascidian larvae, but the prominent tail with notochord and nerve cord is persistent. It is positioned below the trunk, perpendicular to the long axis of the animal and is five times longer than the trunk, reaching 3 mm. In the plankton samples commonly only these “naked” animals will be observed. Meanwhile actually in the sea they live inside of a mucous construction, the so called “house” (Fig. 5.1.18). This construction is almost spherical in shape; it consists of a number of intercommunicating chambers, funnels, filters, intake openings and outlets, and functions as a complicated filtration system. Even very small particles (below 0.5 µm) can be trapped from the water by this system, accumulated and transported to the mouth of the appendicularian. Interestingly enough, it was here in the appendicularian house that the presence of nanoplankton organisms in the sea was first demonstrated by the filtering activity of these animals (Larink & Westheide, 2006). Water is moved through the appendicularian house by the pressure generated by the beats of the tail. When the tail beats slowly, the animal hardly moves through the water, and filtering is optimal. If particles are few, the tail beats more rapidly; then water is ejected in a greater quantity and thus a jet effect propels the house forward. The fragile construction of the house is secreted by gland cells (oikoblasts) in the epidermis. When filters are clogged with particulate matter, the animal deserts the house. This also happens when it is captured by plankton net or disturbed otherwise. Before leaving the house, the appendicularian builds (secretes) a new proto-house which can be inflated within few seconds; 4 to 16 new houses can be secreted by one appendicularian every day. 144
Figure 5.1.17. Appendicularia, schematic lateral view: a – Oikopleuridae, b – Fritillaridae; 1 – Oikopleura dioika, detail of body, whole animal and diagrammatic magnification of tail; 2 – O. longicauda, detail of body, whole animal; 3 – Fritillaria megachile; 4 – F. haplostoma (from Fenaux, 1967, cited after Gibbons, 1997, with modification). Figure 5.1.18. Oikopleura dioika in its “house” (modified from Larink & Westheide, 2006). 145
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LEIBNIZ-INSTITUT FÜR OSTSEEFORSCHU
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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CONTENTS Page Preface…………
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PREFACE This volume is the Second E
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1. INTRODUCTION Since the last glac
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eautifully designed network of flow
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The authors hope that the new, exte
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B (kg C / km²) 1000 100 10 1 0.1 P
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Table 2.1. Degree of dominance (fro
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ecosystem. Therefore, such introduc
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amplitude. On the other hand, for e
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a b c d Figure 3.2.1: a, The WP-2 U
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Figure 3.2.3. UNESCO standard net W
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procedure of sample preparation is
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al., 2000). The table of the micros
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3.5. Biomass determination Informat
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No Character Taxon Examples 6 Body
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considerably increases in coastal w
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Feeding modes and strategies Differ
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Several investigators observed that
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Fig. 4.1.1 Fig. 4.1.2 Fig. 4.1.3 Fi
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No Taxa BP 1 WBS 2 NBS 3 SBS 4 EBS
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4.3. Photo plates: ciliates of the
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Plate 4.3.1 83
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Plate 4.3.2 85
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Plate 4.3.3 87
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Page 125 and 126: 5. MESO- AND MACROZOOPLANKTON OF TH
Page 127 and 128: Figure 5.1.2. Typical hydroid medus
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Page 133 and 134: Cladocera (Plates 5.3.6 - 5.3.10) T
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Page 137 and 138: Figure 5.1.9. How to measure Cladoc
Page 139 and 140: filter feeders. Cyclopoida are also
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Page 143 and 144: Figure 5.1.14. Development of copep
Page 145: Figure 5.1.16. Sagitta bipunctata,
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Page 151 and 152: 5.2. Checklist of meso- and macrozo
Page 153 and 154: No Taxa BP 1 WBS 2 NBS 3 SBS 4 EBS
Page 161 and 162: 1 BP, Baltic Proper: after Ackefors
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Plate 5.3.17 195
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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REFERENCES Aberle, N., Lengfellner,
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marine biodiversity inventory and t
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Bibliographie zur Biologie und Öko
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Johansson, M., Gorokhova, E., Larss
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method of estimating algal numbers
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community of Tokyo Bay. ICES J. Mar
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system by Aurelia aurita medusae -
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de/documents/mebe73_2008-telesh-lpo
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SELECTED ZOOPLANKTON INTERNET DATA
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INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Only valid spe
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Blepharisma tardum 46 Blepharisma u
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Coleps arenarius 48 Coleps bicuspis
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Didinium 36, 38, 51 Didinium balbia
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Folliculina ampula 54 Folliculina g
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Keronopsis arenivorus 57 Keronopsis
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Metopus major 61 Metopus nivaaensis
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Peritromus faurei 64 Peritromus mon
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Remanella brunnea 67 Remanella caud
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Strongylidium muscorum 71 Stylonich
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Trichocerca dixon-nutalli 154 Trich
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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25 (1997) v. Bodungen, Bodo; Hentzs
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49 (2002) Nausch, Günther; Feistel
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73 (2008) Telesh, Irena; Postel, Lu
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Zooplankton of the open Baltic: Extended Atlas - IOW

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