Zooplankton of the open Baltic: Extended Atlas - IOW

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Copepoda (Plates 5.3.11 – 5.3.28) Copepoda is a very diverse and the most abundant group of metazoans in the pelagial of the world’s oceans (Larink & Westheide, 2006). Free-living planktonic copepods range in length from 0.5 to 5 mm. Copepod crustaceans from three suborders inhabit the open waters of the Baltic Sea: Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida (Fig. 5.1.10). These crustaceans form a ubiquitous component of the zooplankton community. Figure 5.1.10. Scheme of calanoid (a), cyclopoid (b) and harpacticoid (c) copepods (after Telesh & Heerkloss, 2004). Copepods differ in size, external morphology, ecology and feeding habits. Most Calanoida are free-living, planktonic, herbivorous, fine particles 136
filter feeders. Cyclopoida are also planktonic crustaceans but very often they inhabit near-bottom biotopes; they are generally micro-predators that feed on small invertebrates and even fish larvae but also consume algae. Harpacticoida are mainly meiobenthic or epibenthic grazers, they occur in plankton only sporadically, being washed out from their bottom habitats by strong water movements. In general Harpacticoida are only temporarily in plankton, although these crustaceans are often found in zooplankton samples collected in the shallow estuarine waters. Copepods are food to many predators, mainly planktivorous fish. The choice of a copepod as a prey is a function of its size, morphology, motion (angle, speed, escape ability) and pigmentation. The coloured species are more vulnerable to predation than pale or transparent ones. Presence of fish can influence physiological parameters and population dynamics of copepods. To limit predation, some copepods can retreat to habitats devoid of the predator, perform vertical migrations, form swarms, or enter into dormancy (Dussart & Defaye, 2001). Copepods have different tolerance to salinity; the presence or absence of some species allows deductions on the physical-chemical characteristics or the degree of pollution of the environment (Dussart & Defaye, 2001). However, the important role of copepods as biological indicators cannot be assessed unless the copepod species identification is properly fulfilled. Taxonomic differentiation of copepods is based mainly on external morphology of mature females and males. Species identification of copepods is an important though tedious procedure. Shape, colour and size of the body, relative size of the appendages (particularly the length of antennules relative to the cephalosome or the urosome) and other measurements are noted. After general observations drawings of the whole animal should be made. For cleaning the crustacean and making its body more transparent, the animal must be kept in a drop of concentrated lactic acid (CH 3 CHOHCOOH) for a time from 1 h up to overnight, depending on the size of the crustacean. Sometimes it is possible to recognize the copepod species without dissection (Alekseev, 2002; Telesh & Heerkloss, 2004). However, in most cases species identification of copepods requires not only examination of the whole crustacean under the microscope but also a dissection and mounting of relevant structures. For more details of this procedure see Downing and Rigler (1984), Huys and Baxshall (1991), ICES (2000), Dussart and Defaye (2001), Alekseev (2002). Copepods can be of different shape: elongated, fusiform, or cylindrical. General schemes of body morphology of cyclopoid and calanoid copepods are presented in Figures 5.1.11 and 5.1.12; schematic drawings of their nauplia and copepodites are given in Figures 5.1.13 – 5.1.15. 137
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LEIBNIZ-INSTITUT FÜR OSTSEEFORSCHU
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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CONTENTS Page Preface…………
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PREFACE This volume is the Second E
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1. INTRODUCTION Since the last glac
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eautifully designed network of flow
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The authors hope that the new, exte
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B (kg C / km²) 1000 100 10 1 0.1 P
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Table 2.1. Degree of dominance (fro
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ecosystem. Therefore, such introduc
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amplitude. On the other hand, for e
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a b c d Figure 3.2.1: a, The WP-2 U
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Figure 3.2.3. UNESCO standard net W
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procedure of sample preparation is
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al., 2000). The table of the micros
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3.5. Biomass determination Informat
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No Character Taxon Examples 6 Body
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considerably increases in coastal w
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Feeding modes and strategies Differ
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Several investigators observed that
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Fig. 4.1.1 Fig. 4.1.2 Fig. 4.1.3 Fi
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No Taxa BP 1 WBS 2 NBS 3 SBS 4 EBS
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4.3. Photo plates: ciliates of the
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Plate 4.3.1 83
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Page 125 and 126: 5. MESO- AND MACROZOOPLANKTON OF TH
Page 127 and 128: Figure 5.1.2. Typical hydroid medus
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Page 133 and 134: Cladocera (Plates 5.3.6 - 5.3.10) T
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Page 137: Figure 5.1.9. How to measure Cladoc
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Page 145 and 146: Figure 5.1.16. Sagitta bipunctata,
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Page 151 and 152: 5.2. Checklist of meso- and macrozo
Page 153 and 154: No Taxa BP 1 WBS 2 NBS 3 SBS 4 EBS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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REFERENCES Aberle, N., Lengfellner,
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marine biodiversity inventory and t
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Bibliographie zur Biologie und Öko
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Johansson, M., Gorokhova, E., Larss
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method of estimating algal numbers
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community of Tokyo Bay. ICES J. Mar
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system by Aurelia aurita medusae -
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de/documents/mebe73_2008-telesh-lpo
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SELECTED ZOOPLANKTON INTERNET DATA
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INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Only valid spe
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Blepharisma tardum 46 Blepharisma u
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Coleps arenarius 48 Coleps bicuspis
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Didinium 36, 38, 51 Didinium balbia
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Folliculina ampula 54 Folliculina g
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Keronopsis arenivorus 57 Keronopsis
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Metopus major 61 Metopus nivaaensis
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Peritromus faurei 64 Peritromus mon
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Remanella brunnea 67 Remanella caud
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Strongylidium muscorum 71 Stylonich
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Trichocerca dixon-nutalli 154 Trich
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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25 (1997) v. Bodungen, Bodo; Hentzs
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49 (2002) Nausch, Günther; Feistel
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73 (2008) Telesh, Irena; Postel, Lu
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Zooplankton of the open Baltic: Extended Atlas - IOW

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