Zooplankton of the open Baltic: Extended Atlas - IOW

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Ctenophora (Plates 5.3.36, 5.3.37) Ctenophora, or comb jellies, are presumably holoplanktonic organisms. Usually they are several centimetres long; they occur in all seas, and major part of species are considered to be cosmopolitan (Larink & Westheide, 2006). The body of comb jellies has biradial symmetry: one central plane passes through both tentacle pouches and another plane is at a right angle to this, passing through the mouth slit (Fig. 5.1.4). Each plane divides the body into equal halves. Eight comb rows (ctenes) consisting of transverse plates of fused cilia are the locomotory organs by which the animals actively swim, the oral pole forward. The Tentaculifera species have two long contractile tentacles, each emerging from the bottom of a deep epidermal pouch – the example is the ovoid species of the genus Pleurobrachia; their regular branches (tentilles) are covered with sticky colloblasts that on contact adhere to prey (e.g. planktonic copepods and other smaller organisms). Lobata (e.g. Bolinopsis infundibulum) are tentaculiferan comb jellies with two additional oral lobes flanking the mouth and the reduced tentacles. The lobes form a large cavity into which water with potential prey organisms are drawn by large cilia during the mouth-forward locomotion. The Atentaculata lack tentacles completely; the example is the cylindrical species of the genus Beroe. They feed on other ctenophores by swallowing them through their large slit-like mouth. The ctenophore species are usually closely paired in predator-prey relationships that control their abundance. In the Northern and Baltic seas, once per year (between March and July) these comb jellies multiply massively, increasing in abundance by as much as four orders of magnitude within one to three months (Larink & Westheide, 2006). Pleurobrachia pileus feeds on herbivorous zooplankton, especially on the copepods that appear in spring: one individual P. pileus may eat as many as 300 copepods per day; then usually Beroe gracilis appears which feeds exclusively on P. pileus and practically eliminates it within three weeks. Beroe cucumis feeds chiefly on B. infundibulum. The ctenophore species Mnemiopsis leidyi is one of the most recent invaders to the Baltic Sea. In summer 2006 the first observations of this West Atlantic comb jelly in Northern Europe were reported from the North Sea, the Skagerrak and the south-western Baltic Sea (Faasse & Bayha, 2006; Hansson, 2006; Javidpour et al., 2006). During autumn/winter 2006 and spring 2007 the further spread of this invasive ctenophore from the south-western towards the central Baltic Sea up to the south eastern Gotland Basin was reported (Kube et al., 2007a). The abundances were generally low (max. 4 ind. m -3 ). While M. 126
leidyi was found in the entire water column in Kiel Bight, it occurred exceptionally below the halocline in the deep stratified central Baltic basins. Data of a weekly sampling program at a near shore location in Mecklenburg Bight between January and May 2007 showed that up to 80% of the individuals were juveniles, smaller than 1 mm total body length and that M. leidyi survived the winter in the Southern Baltic Sea, even when abundances dropped down to
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LEIBNIZ-INSTITUT FÜR OSTSEEFORSCHU
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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CONTENTS Page Preface…………
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PREFACE This volume is the Second E
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1. INTRODUCTION Since the last glac
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eautifully designed network of flow
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The authors hope that the new, exte
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B (kg C / km²) 1000 100 10 1 0.1 P
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Table 2.1. Degree of dominance (fro
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ecosystem. Therefore, such introduc
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amplitude. On the other hand, for e
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a b c d Figure 3.2.1: a, The WP-2 U
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Figure 3.2.3. UNESCO standard net W
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procedure of sample preparation is
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al., 2000). The table of the micros
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3.5. Biomass determination Informat
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No Character Taxon Examples 6 Body
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considerably increases in coastal w
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Feeding modes and strategies Differ
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Several investigators observed that
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Fig. 4.1.1 Fig. 4.1.2 Fig. 4.1.3 Fi
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No Taxa BP 1 WBS 2 NBS 3 SBS 4 EBS
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Page 78 and 79: No Taxa BP 1 WBS 2 NBS 3 SBS 4 EBS
Page 83 and 84: 4.3. Photo plates: ciliates of the
Page 85 and 86: Plate 4.3.1 83
Page 99 and 100: Plate 4.3.8 97
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Page 125 and 126: 5. MESO- AND MACROZOOPLANKTON OF TH
Page 127: Figure 5.1.2. Typical hydroid medus
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Page 133 and 134: Cladocera (Plates 5.3.6 - 5.3.10) T
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.1.7. Daphnia, schematic, l
Page 137 and 138: Figure 5.1.9. How to measure Cladoc
Page 139 and 140: filter feeders. Cyclopoida are also
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Page 143 and 144: Figure 5.1.14. Development of copep
Page 145 and 146: Figure 5.1.16. Sagitta bipunctata,
Page 147 and 148: Figure 5.1.17. Appendicularia, sche
Page 149 and 150: Figure 5.1.19. Larvae of Polychaeta
Page 151 and 152: 5.2. Checklist of meso- and macrozo
Page 161 and 162: 1 BP, Baltic Proper: after Ackefors
Page 163 and 164: 5.3. Photo plates: meso- and macroz
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Plate 5.3.8 177
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Plate 5.3.11 183
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Plate 5.3.13 187
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Plate 5.3.14 189
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratef
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REFERENCES Aberle, N., Lengfellner,
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marine biodiversity inventory and t
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Bibliographie zur Biologie und Öko
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Johansson, M., Gorokhova, E., Larss
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method of estimating algal numbers
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community of Tokyo Bay. ICES J. Mar
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system by Aurelia aurita medusae -
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de/documents/mebe73_2008-telesh-lpo
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SELECTED ZOOPLANKTON INTERNET DATA
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INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Only valid spe
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Blepharisma tardum 46 Blepharisma u
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Coleps arenarius 48 Coleps bicuspis
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Didinium 36, 38, 51 Didinium balbia
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Folliculina ampula 54 Folliculina g
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Keronopsis arenivorus 57 Keronopsis
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Metopus major 61 Metopus nivaaensis
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Peritromus faurei 64 Peritromus mon
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Remanella brunnea 67 Remanella caud
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Strongylidium muscorum 71 Stylonich
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Trichocerca dixon-nutalli 154 Trich
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Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte MA
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25 (1997) v. Bodungen, Bodo; Hentzs
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49 (2002) Nausch, Günther; Feistel
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73 (2008) Telesh, Irena; Postel, Lu
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