Anthem - Intellect

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Signifying Europe of the European idea. The Committee recommends to the European Council that this anthem be played at appropriate events and ceremonies. 353 The European leaders gathered at the Milan summit followed this recommendation and thus chose the same anthem for the European Community as that adopted in 1972 by the Council of Europe. Finally, Beethoven’s music had become the official EU anthem in 1985. At the ceremony where the European flag was raised for the first time at the European Commission building in Brussels on 29 May 1986, a Flemish brass band played the arranged anthem, after which a choral society sang its original German setting with lyrics. 354 Since that time, the anthem continues to be played at official European events and ceremonies, and it is also released in many different versions on record and on the web, as sound files or ringtones, arranged in many different musical styles and with a variety of traditional and newly written lyrics. It continues to accumulate meaning by being used in highly divergent contexts, including the 1989 protests at Tiananmen Square in Peking as well as the Japanese New Year celebrations. 355 Referring to translation problems and the vast number of languages in Europe, Schiller’s words were thus again excluded in 1985, as they had been in 1971. Though the original German lyrics thus have no official status, the music’s meaning remains indissolubly tinted by Schiller’s poem and not least its title, ‘Ode to Joy’. This immediate intertext has to be taken into consideration by any attempt to interpret the cluster of meanings that has come to surround this anthem. Interpreting Beethoven’s Ode to Joy This is the only EU symbol that is so expressly derived from an existing work, picking out a small part of that work and revising it for the new format. Resolution 492 (1971) of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe on a European anthem (8 July 1971) stated that ‘it would be preferable to select a musical work representative of European genius and whose use on European occasions is already becoming something of a tradition’. A deliberate decision was thus not to look for a newly composed tune, but to go back in history to find a suitable classical melody that was already anchored in citizens’ minds and that also had firmly established the solemn aura capable of bearing the overwhelming weight of expressing shared European values. No such provision was made concerning any of the other symbols. While they also leaned on inherited tropes, they still allowed for a contemporary treatment of these, not being content with inheriting something rather finished from the past. The flag may for instance have borrowed all its elements from tradition, but 158
Anthem it was still presented as a unique and new design, rather than as an adherence to a pre-existing symbol. However, for the music, none of the proposed new compositions gave any hope of finding anything remotely as attractive as what the European canon of classical music had to offer. The implied signifying result was already by such a decision to devalue later developments in music and to instead inscribe the anthem in a rather conservative classicist tradition. This also makes Beethoven’s oeuvre a clearly privileged intertext, in particular his Ninth Symphony and Schiller’s poem which he integrated in its final movement. I will therefore save comparative references to other intertexts until next section, in order to focus on the most obvious contexts for the European anthem, in a concentric set of circles from the European anthem, over Beethoven’s Ninth’s fourth movement, Beethoven’s Ninth symphony as a whole, Beethoven’s total oeuvre and Schiller’s poem to early nineteenth century bourgeois culture and art music and post-revolutionary modern capitalism in general. As Esteban Buch has argued, the Anthem functions as a metonym for ‘the whole fourth movement, the whole Ninth symphony, the whole work of Beethoven, or even the whole Western “great music”, which, in this way, is appealed to in order to reinforce the ethical and political legitimacy of the European community as a whole’. 356 The interpretive analysis could either start with the EU anthem as a separate work in its own right or approach it as a reworked excerpt from Beethoven’s symphony. While only a minor group of art music specialists know the symphony context in any greater detail, many will associate the anthem to Beethoven and thus have some basic idea about some of those contextual aspects as well. The EU itself repeatedly makes it known that the anthem has precisely that origin. The European anthem as such is not yet sufficiently established to have full autonomous work status, even though this may possibly change in the future, should the anthem survive and become successful, in the way that for instance the Eurovision tune for most listeners has managed to cut off its ties to Charpentier’s Te Deum, as will be discussed below. There are many different anthem versions of shifting length, sung or instrumental, so that it remains a bit uncertain how it goes as such, and in settings where it is used, it is repeatedly linked back to Beethoven, so that the melody’s origin in Beethoven’s symphony still tends to overshadow its independent existence as EU’s anthem. Therefore, I will here start my analysis by relating the Anthem to its original Beethoven context, rather than treating it as a completely distinct work. I will first discuss how it has been understood in its original context within Beethoven’s own work, and then in the following section listen closer to the arrangements of the Ode melody that have been presented as the European anthem. Though it may sometimes be difficult to keep them strictly apart, I will strive to reserve the term ‘Anthem’ for the EU version of the tune, while speaking of the ‘Ode’ when discussing the core melody as found in the symphony. 159
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