Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species ...

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Journal of Insect Science | www.insectscience.org ISSN: 1536-2442 September at Hart I, respectively (Tables 2,3). T. hawaiiensis was first reported in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina after 1967 (Sakimura 1986). This thrips feeds on numerous crops of economic importance worldwide (Sakimura and Nishida 1944; Miyazaki and Kudo 1988; Nakahara and Hilburn 1989). Usually, adults and larvae feed on pollen and cell sap of developing flowers resulting in bud malformation and poor fruit set (Palmer and Wetton 1987). Frantz and Mellinger (1990) recorded this species on cucumber during April between 1986 and 1990 in Florida. One adult was collected from a Mark V Krome Kote white sticky trap in a navel orange orchard in central Florida during 1991 (Childers et al. 1998). One female was collected from an Olson blue sticky trap (Olson Products, Inc., Medina, Ohio) on March 22, 1993 (Childers et al. 1998). Three females were collected from navel orange flowers in January in Polk County, Florida and one male was collected on catkins of Salix caroliniana in Polk County on February 9, 1990 (Childers et al. 1990). This species feeds primarily on the inflorescence of various plants and has been intercepted frequently on cut flowers at United States ports-of-entry (Nakahara 1985). T. hawaiiensis is a serious pest of gladiolus flowers in Taiwan (Chen and Lo 1987). Srivastava and Bhullar (1980) reported T. hawaiiensis as a pest on citrus flowers in India. Both larvae and adults reportedly fed on developing flowers with heavily infested blooms failing to set fruit. This species poses a potential future problem for Florida citrus based on such information and continued assessment of its relative abundance and distribution within citrus orchards and ornamental plants is warranted. Fungal feeders Adraneothrips decorus Hood Two males were collected from an orange fruit in October at Yarborough (Table 3). 16 specimens were collected from emergence cages in citrus orchards between March 12 and 22 in an earlier study in Florida (Childers et al. 1994). Sakimura (1986) found A. decorus to be abundant on Sporobolus indicus. Hoplandrothrips pergandei Hinds A single female was collected from a Valencia orange fruit on May 26, 1995 in Mixom II (Table 2). Idolothripinae A single larva was collected from citrus twigs on September 19 at Hart I (Table 2). Merothrips floridensis Watson This species was collected from trunk scrapings in Trask, Pollard, and Yarborough between January and March 1995 (Table 2). A single female was collected from a fruit of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit on May 22, 1995 in Pollard. Merothrips morgani Hood This species was collected from trunk scrapings in February (Table 2). Neurothrips magnafemoralis Hinds This species was collected from citrus fruit between January and March, May, July, and November in Trask, Hart I, Hart II, and Mixom II (Table 2). One adult was collected from trunk scrapings at Hart I in March (Table 2). Stephanothrips occidentalis Hood and Williams One female each was collected from inner leaves at Yarborough and from Valencia orange fruit at Mixom II during May, 1995 (Table 2). One Stephanothrips sp. larva was collected from outer leaves in January, 1995 at Trask. Symphyothrips sp One female was collected from citrus twigs on September 19, 1995 at Hart I (Table 2). Notes Dr. J.L. Nation, Department of Entomology, University of Florida acted as editor for this paper. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Kent Perkins, Collection Manager, The Herbarium, University of Florida, Gainesville for identification of plant specimens. Appreciation is extended to Deanna Threlkeld, Eugenia White, David Dills, Karen Colston, Michael K. Simms, Troy Gainey, Perceivia Mariner, and Paul Threlkeld for collection, processing and slide-mounting of the thrips specimens. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, and with the Florida Department of Agriculture and Journal of Insect Science: Volume 6 | Article 45 16
Journal of Insect Science | www.insectscience.org ISSN: 1536-2442 Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry Museum, Gainesville, Florida. Appreciation is extended to Joseph G. Morse, Seth Johnson and Henry Fadamiro for reviewing this manuscript. This research was supported in part by grants from USDA CSREES Pest Management Alternatives Program (PMAP), and two Florida Citrus Production Research Advisory Council grants during 1993–1995. References Bailey SF. 1937. The composite thrips, Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford). Canadian Entomologist 69: 121-126. Bailey SF. 1939. The six-spotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Perg.). Journal of Economic Entomology 32: 43-47. Beattie GAC. 1985. Ecology of citrus red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell). Report on a study tour to China 6 June 1983–22 May 1984. Biological Chemistry Research Institute, Miscellaneous Bulletin 2. 57 pp. Bedford ECG. 1943. The Biology and Economic Importance of the South African Citrus Thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii Faure. Series II. Natural Sciences, vol. 7, University Pretoria Press. Beshear RJ. 1975. Aleurodothrips fasciapennis (Thysanoptera: Tubulifera) a predator of Aspidiotus nerii (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 10: 223-224. Bhatti JS. 1980. Revision of Danothrips, with descriptions of two new species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Natural History 14: 547-558. Chen JS, Lo PK-C. 1987. Differential preference of the flower-dwelling thrip, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to some gladiolus cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Research of China 36: 317-326. Childers CC. 1992. Suppression of Frankliniella bispinosa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, with pesticides during the bloom cycle and improved fruit set on ‘Navel’ orange in Florida. Journal of Economical Entomology 85: 1330-1339. Childers CC. 1999. Flower thrips: Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan), F. kelliae Sakimura (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and postbloom fruit drop disease are economic pests on Florida citrus. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 112: 88-95. Childers CC, Achor DS. 1991. Feeding and oviposition injury to flowers and developing floral buds of ‘Navel’ orange by Frankliniella bispinosa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84: 272-282. Childers CC, Beshear RJ. 1992. Thrips (Thysanoptera) species associated with developing citrus flowers in Florida and a key to adult Terebrantian females. Journal of Entomological Science 27: 392-412. Childers CC, Beshear RJ, Brushwein JR, Denmark HA. 1990. Thrips associated with citrus flowers and buds in Florida: their relative abundance and distribution. Journal of Entomological Science 25: 601-614. Childers CC, Frantz G. 1994. Ring spot damage to Florida citrus fruit caused by thrips feeding injury. Citrus Industry Magazine 75: 38-40 43. 42-40 43. Childers CC, Nakahara S, Beshear RJ. 1994. Relative abundance of Frankliniella bispinosa and other species of Thysanoptera emerging from soil beneath navel orange trees in Florida during spring flowering. Journal of Entomological Science 29: 318-329. Childers CC, Nakahara S, Beshear RJ. 1998. Thysanoptera collected from Mark V white and other colored disposable traps in Florida citrus groves. Journal of Entomological Science 33: 49-71. Childers CC, Stansly PA. 2005. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) pests of Florida grapefruit: biologies, seasonal and relative abundance, fruit damage, and monitoring. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 118: 54-61. Del Bene G, Gargani E, Landi S. 1998. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): life cycle, harmfulness, control. Advances in Horticultural Science 12: 31-37. Denmark HA. 1985. The greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche in Florida. Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services, Department of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular 64. Dudley R. 1994. Ornamentals, woody plants and palms. Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services, Department of Plant Industry, Tri-ology Technical Report: Entomology, Nematology, Pathology 33: 1-12. Fisher JB, Davenport TL. 1989. Structure and development of surface deformations on avocado fruits. HortScience 24: 841-844. Flowers RW. 1989. The occurrence of the citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Florida. Florida Entomologist 72: 385 Frantz G. 1993. Native or naturalized plants. Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services, Department of Plant Industry, Tri-ology Technical Report: Entomology, Nematology, Pathology 32: 1-6. Frantz G, Mellinger HC. 1990. Flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) collected from vegetables, ornamentals and associated weeds in South Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 103: 134-137. Journal of Insect Science: Volume 6 | Article 45 17
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