Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species ...
Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species ...
Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species ...
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Journal of Insect Science | www.<strong>in</strong>sectscience.org ISSN: 1536-2442<br />
<strong>in</strong> south <strong>Florida</strong> on red grapefruit varieties<br />
(Childers and Frantz 1994).<br />
This species feeds on flowers and leaves of various<br />
plants <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g: P. crispum, Bouga<strong>in</strong>villea, Z.<br />
zerumbet, Alp<strong>in</strong>ia purpurea, Anthurium<br />
andreanum, Paspalum orbiculare, P.<br />
conjugatum, I. alba, Costus, Melicoccus<br />
bijugatus, young Z. mays leaves, and banana<br />
(Sakimura 1975; Bhatti 1980).<br />
Ech<strong>in</strong>o<strong>thrips</strong> americanus (Morgan)<br />
E. americanus (Table 3) is a polyphagous,<br />
leaf-feed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>thrips</strong> found on at least 40 cultivated<br />
and 59 native host plant species (Oett<strong>in</strong>g et al.<br />
1993). Frantz and Mell<strong>in</strong>ger (1990) found this<br />
<strong>thrips</strong> species on Chrysanthemum dur<strong>in</strong>g July <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Florida</strong> between 1986 and 1990. Additional<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> records <strong>in</strong>cluded coralberry, Ardisia<br />
crenata <strong>in</strong> Sorrento, Lake County <strong>in</strong> November<br />
(Murphy 1994) and Mimosa pudica <strong>in</strong><br />
Brooksville, Hernando County <strong>in</strong> July (Dudley<br />
1994).<br />
Frankl<strong>in</strong>iella bisp<strong>in</strong>osa (Morgan)<br />
680 specimens were collected from <strong>in</strong>ner and<br />
outer leaves, fruit, and twigs <strong>with<strong>in</strong></strong> <strong>citrus</strong><br />
canopies <strong>in</strong> low numbers throughout the year<br />
compared with 6,151 collected from 31 v<strong>in</strong>e and<br />
ground cover plant species (Tables 2, 3).<br />
Numerous F. bisp<strong>in</strong>osa larvae and associated<br />
pupae were present on the ma<strong>in</strong> trunks and<br />
scaffold branches of <strong>citrus</strong> trees <strong>in</strong> <strong>Florida</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
February and March (Tables 2, 5). Also, large<br />
numbers of second <strong>in</strong>star larvae drop to the<br />
ground and pupate (Childers et al. 1994).<br />
Comparable results were shown by Grout et al.<br />
(1986) with S. citri <strong>in</strong> <strong>citrus</strong> <strong>orchards</strong> <strong>in</strong> California<br />
where a percentage of the population pupated<br />
<strong>with<strong>in</strong></strong> or near the surface of the soil <strong>in</strong> leaf litter<br />
and a percentage pupated <strong>with<strong>in</strong></strong> the <strong>citrus</strong> trees.<br />
F. bisp<strong>in</strong>osa was the most abundant <strong>thrips</strong> species<br />
recorded on 31 v<strong>in</strong>es and ground cover plant<br />
species <strong>with<strong>in</strong></strong> 5 of the 7 orchard sites (Table 3).<br />
The rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 2 groves were on herbicide<br />
programs and void of ground plant cover (Table<br />
1). Two weed species alone [Chenopodium album<br />
(L.) and B. alba (L.)] accounted for 36% and 27%,<br />
respectively, of F. bisp<strong>in</strong>osa collected from v<strong>in</strong>es<br />
or ground cover plants. This suggests that the<br />
composition of ground cover plants <strong>with<strong>in</strong></strong><br />
Figure 2. Seasonal frequency distributions of three phytophagous pest <strong>thrips</strong> species on <strong>Florida</strong> <strong>citrus</strong> <strong>in</strong> seven<br />
<strong>citrus</strong> orchard sites <strong>in</strong> central and south-central <strong>Florida</strong> dur<strong>in</strong>g 1995–1996.<br />
Journal of Insect Science: Volume 6 | Article 45 12