Frontmatter - Walter de Gruyter

Table of Contents
Editorial Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Consultants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Translators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Figures, Plates, and Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
Technical Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
Abbreviations of Ancient Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
New Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Apocrypha and Septuagint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Old Testament Pseudepigrapha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
Apostolic Fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Rabbinic Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Abbreviations of Secondary Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Transliteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Dress – Essene Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1214

Editorial Board
The Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (EBR) is edited by an international team
of scholars.
Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
Main Editors
Choon­Leong Seow (Princeton, N.J., USA)
Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen, Germany)
Area Editors
Dennis T. Olson (Princeton, N.J., USA) Pentateuch
Thomas Römer (Lausanne, Switzerland) Historical Books
Marvin A. Sweeney (Claremont, Calif., USA) Prophets
Christine Roy Yoder (Decatur, Ga., USA) Prayer and Wisdom
Aren M. Maeir (Ramat Gan, Israel) Archaeology
Martti Nissinen (Helsinki, Finland) Ancient Near East
Beate Pongratz­Leisten (New York, N.Y., USA) Ancient Near East
New Testament
Main Editors
Dale C. Allison, Jr. (Pittsburgh, Pa., USA)
Area Editors
Dale C. Allison, Jr. (Pittsburgh, Pa., USA) Synoptic Gospels and Acts
Helen Bond (Edinburgh, United Kingdom) Synoptic Gospels and Acts
Samuel Vollenweider (Zurich, Switzerland) Corpus Paulinum et Deuteropaulinum
Hermut Löhr (Münster, Germany) Corpus Paulinum et Deuteropaulinum
Jan G. van der Watt (Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Corpus Iohanneum et Catholicum
Haim Goldfus (Beer­Sheva, Israel) Archaeology
Johan C. Thom (Stellenbosch, South Africa) Greco-Roman Antiquity
Rainer Hirsch­Luipold (Bern, Switzerland) Greco-Roman Antiquity
Judaism
Main Editor
Barry Dov Walfish (Toronto, Ont., Canada)
Area Editors
Sidnie White Crawford (Lincoln, Nebr., USA) Second Temple and Hellenistic Judaism
Benjamin G. Wright, III (Bethlehem, Pa., USA) Second Temple and Hellenistic Judaism

Consultants
Günter Stemberger (Vienna, Austria) Rabbinic Judaism
Christine Hayes (New Haven, Conn., USA) Rabbinic Judaism
Michael G. Wechsler (Chicago, Ill., USA) Medieval Judaism
Joseph Davis (Melrose Park, Pa., USA) Modern Judaism
vii
Christianity
Main Editor
Volker Leppin (Tübingen, Germany)
Area Editors
Peter Gemeinhardt (Göttingen, Germany) Greek Patristic and Orthodox Christianity
Michael Cameron (Portland, Oreg., USA) Latin Patristic and Early Medieval Christianity
Carolyn Muessig (Bristol, United Kingdom) Medieval and Reformation Christianity
Christine Helmer (Evanston, Ill., USA) Modern European Christianity
David W. Kling (Coral Gables, Fla., USA) Modern American Christianity
George D. Chryssides (Birmingham, United Kingdom) New Christian Churches and
Movements
Reception History
Main Editor
Eric Ziolkowski (Easton, Pa., USA)
Area Editors
David Thomas (Birmingham, United Kingdom) Islam
Elizabeth J. Harris (Liverpool, United Kingdom) Other Religions and Current Religious
Movements
Brian Britt (Blacksburg, Va., USA) Literature
Katherine Marsengill (Princeton, N.J., USA) Visual Arts
Nils Holger Petersen (Copenhagen, Denmark) Music
Rhonda Burnette­Bletsch (Greensboro, N.C., USA) Film
Consultants
Marsha B. Edelman (Melrose Park, Pa., USA)
Anne Margrete Fiskvik (Trondheim, Norway)
Sheila Elana Jelen (College Park, Md., USA)
Dennis F. Mahoney (Burlington, Vt., USA)
Philip A. Noss (New York, N.Y., USA)
Benjamin E. Sax (Blackburg, Va., USA)
Marek Marius Tytko (Cracow, Poland)
Daniel Weidner (Berlin, Germany)
Margaret C. Ziolkowski (Oxford, Ohio, USA)

Acknowledgments
Special thanks go to the editorial team in Berlin:
Sebastian Fuhrmann
Gary S. Helft
and Albrecht Döhnert
as well as to all those in different parts of the world who have contributed to the
preparation of both the printed volumes and the online version: Sabrina Bastemeyer,
Christoph Berner, Mareike Blischke, Aubrey Buster, Matthew A. Collins,
Juliet Conlin, Johanna Dörsing, Kristina Dronsch, Christine Hentschel, Anne
Imhoff, Elaine James, Julia Krohmer, Paul Michael Kurtz, Katrin Mittmann, Peter
Porzig, Stefanie Rabe, Ellen Romey, Anne­Kathrin Runte, Stefan Selbmann, Anne
Stewart, Seth Tarrer, Nicole Tilford, Robert Voss, Albrecht Werner, Amy Whisenand.

Contributors
Philippe Abadie (Lyon, France) Eluzai; Ephah (Person) 1–3; Epher 1–3; Ephlal;
Ephraim Gate
Klaus­Peter Adam (Chicago, Ill., USA) Ephes-Dammim; Ephrath, Ephrathah (Person);
Ephrath, Ephrathah (Place)
Tom Aitken (Richmond, United Kingdom) Dreyer, Carl Theodor
Soham Al­Suadi (Bern, Switzerland) Eating and Drinking II
Felix Albrecht (Göttingen, Germany) Ephraemi Rescriptus, Codex
Dale C. Allison, Jr. (Pittsburgh, Pa., USA) Drunkenness III; Dust II; Ear, Ears II;
Earthquake II; Ecce Homo I; Ecclesiastes, Book of II; Eclipse II; Edersheim, Alfred;
Egypt, Ancient III; Egyptian, The; Eleazar 11; Eliakim 4–5; Eliezer 11; Elijah (Prophet)
II; Elisha III; Eliud; Elmadam; Ephphatha; Esli
Peter Altmann (Zurich, Switzerland) Encyclopedic Works on the Bible II.C
Choi Hee An (Boston, Mass., USA) East Asia III.C
Roy Anker (Grand Rapids, Mich., USA) Ecstasy X; Epiphany VI
Amar Annus (Tartu, Estonia) Drunkenness I
Stéphanie Anthonioz (Paris, France) Ecstasy I; Elam (Person) 1–6; Elam, Elamites II
Samuel Arnet (Zurich, Switzerland) Eder (Place); Eder, Tower of; Elah, Valley of I;
Elealeh; Eliathah; Eliel 1–9; Eliezer 2–10
Eduardo Henrik Aubert (Paris, France) Du Mont, Henry; Dufay, Guillaume;
Dunstable, John; Dupré, Marcel; Durante, Francesco; Duruflé, Maurice; Elegy (Musical);
Escobar, Pedro de; Esquivel Barahona, Juan (de)
Matthew C. Augustine (St. Andrews, United Kingdom) Dryden, John
Anahit Avagyan (Yerevan, Armenia) Elishe Vardapet
Alan J. Avery­Peck (Worcester, Mass., USA) Eliezer of Damascus II.A; Elijah (Prophet)
III.B; Epstein, Abraham
Nicolae Babuts (Syracuse, N.Y., USA) Eminescu, Mihai
Jürgen Bärsch (Eichstätt, Germany) Easter I.B; Ember Days
David Barshinger (Deerfield, Ill., USA) Edwards, Jonathan
Michaela Baucks (Koblenz, Germany) Earth I
Richard J. Bautch (Austin, Tex., USA) Dress II.I
Kenneth Paul Bendiner (Milwaukee, Wis., USA) Eating and Drinking VIII.B
Cornelis Bennema (Bangalore, India) Elders II; Esau II
Axel Bergmann (Marburg, Germany) Embalming
Christoph Berner (Göttingen, Germany) Eagle I; Elul
Andrew Bernhard (Portland, Oreg., USA) Egerton Papyrus 2
Ellen Bernstein (Holyoke, Mass., USA) Environment, Ecology, and the Bible I II.B
Albrecht Beutel (Münster, Germany) Ebeling, Gerhard
Jeremy Biles (Chicago, Ill., USA) Earthquake IV VI; Eclipse V

x
Contributors
Patricia D. Blessing (Stanford, Calif., USA) Elijah (Prophet) VII.B
Mareike V. Blischke (Göttingen, Germany) Egypt (Person); Egypt, River of; Egypt,
Wadi of; Ephod (Object)
Daniel Bodi (Clichy, France) Erra Epic
Martinus C. de Boer (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Elements, Elemental Spirits
Roland T. Boer (Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia) Drunkenness VII; Dualism VIII
Jelena Bogdanović (Ames, Iowa, USA) Earth VII
Dieter Böhler SJ (Sankt Georgen, Germany) Esdras, Books of I
Daniel Bolliger (Montpellier, France) Du Moulin, Pierre
Marco Bonechi (Rome, Italy) Ebla
Pieter Botha (Pretoria, South Africa) Education IV
Alejandro F. Botta (Boston, Mass., USA) Elephantine
Christfried Böttrich (Greifswald, Germany) Enoch (Son of Jared) IV; Enoch, Books of
II
Anne­Marie Bouché (Fort Myers, Fla., USA) Eschatology VII
Daniel Boyarin (Berkeley, Calif., USA) Dualism V.B
Peter J. Bräunlein (Göttingen, Germany) El Shaddai (Movement)
Baruch Brandl (Jerusalem, Israel) Erani, Tel
Edward Breuer (Jerusalem, Israel) Enlightenment I
Steven Bridge (Standish, Maine, USA) Eagle II
Kent Brintnall (Charlotte, N.C., USA) Ecce Homo V
Brian Britt (Blacksburg, Va., USA) Economics and the Bible VI; Education VIII
Robert E. Brown (Harrisonburg, Va., USA) Enlightenment II.B
William P. Brown (Decatur, Ga., USA) Ecclesiastes, Book of I
Mark Brummitt (Rochester, N.Y., USA) Eating and Drinking VII; Egypt, Ancient VII
Andreas Bücker (Copenhagen, Denmark) Dvořák, Antonín; Early Christian Epoch III;
Egypt, Ancient IX; Elgar, Edward; Elsbeth, Thomas
Stephen Burge (London, United Kingdom) Dress V; Earth V; Eden, Garden of V;
Empire IV
Rhonda Burnette­Bletsch (Greensboro, N.C., USA) Economics and the Bible VII;
Eisenstein, Sergei; Electronic Resources and the Bible V; Emotions IX; En-Dor, Medium
of VI; Esau VII
Russell Butkus (Portland, Oreg., USA) Environment, Ecology, and the Bible III
Livia Capponi (Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom) Egypt, Ancient I.B
David M. Carr (New York, N.Y., USA) Education II
Warren Carter (Fort Worth, Tex., USA) Empire III
Claudine A. Chavannes­Mazel (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Dress VI; Duccio di
Buoninsegna; Ear, Ears V
Shai Cherry (Los Angeles, Calif., USA) Esau III.A
Mark A. Christian (Nashville, Tenn., USA) Eliphelet 2–3 6; Eltekon; Eltolad; En-
Hakkore
Alf Christophersen (Munich, Germany) Drews, Arthur Christian Heinrich
George D. Chryssides (Birmingham, United Kingdom) Ephraim III
Christopher Clarke (Claremont, Calif., USA) Eglaim; Eglath-Shelishiyah; Eker; Elkosh;
En-Eglaim; Ephai
Mordechai Z. Cohen (New York, N.Y., USA) Eliezer of Beaugency; En-Dor, Medium of
II
Yoram Cohen (Tel Aviv, Israel) Emar

Contributors
xi
Robert L. Cohn (Easton, Pa., USA) Eglon (Person) II; Elimelech II; Elisha II; Elkanah
(Father of Samuel) II
Tony Colaianne (Blacksburg, Va., USA) Epigram
Simona Constantinovici (Timişoara, Romania) Eminescu, Mihai
Alan Cooper (New York, N.Y., USA) Eliezer ben Elijah ha-Rofe Ashkenazi
Amy C. Cottrill (Birmingham, Ala., USA) Emotions VI
Sidnie White Crawford (Lincoln, Nebr., USA) Elam, Elamites III; Enemessar
James L. Crenshaw (Durham, N.C., USA) Education V.A
James Crossley (Sheffield, United Kingdom) Empire V
Jonathan Dauber (Teaneck, N.J., USA) Emanation I
Joseph Davis (Melrose Park, Pa., USA) Dropsie College; Ecclesiastes, Book of III.C;
Education V.E; Egypt, Ancient IV.D; Eilburg, Eliezer; Enemy, Enemies III.C; Epstein,
Baruch
Geoffrey Dennis (Flower Mound, Tex., USA) Eden, Garden of III.C–D VI.A
Lorenzo DiTommaso (Montreal, Que., Canada) Eden, Garden of III.A; Enoch (Son of
Jared) III; Enoch, Books of I
Johannes F. Diehl (Frankfurt a.M., Germany) Electronic Resources and the Bible I
Lucinda A. Dirven (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Dura-Europos
Trude Dothan (Jerusalem, Israel) Ekron
James D. G. Dunn (Durham, United Kingdom) Epistles, Pauline I
Eva Ebel (Zurich, Switzerland) Epigraphy II
Florian Ebeling (Heidelberg, Germany) Egypt, Ancient V
Jeffrey Einboden (DeKlab, Ill., USA) El III
Amy Erickson (Denver, Colo., USA) Dress II.II; Dust I; Embroidery
David A. Fiensy (Grayson, Ky., USA) Economics and the Bible III
Karl­Heinz Fleckenstein (Jerusalem, Israel) Emmaus II
Louisa Fleckenstein (Jerusalem, Israel) Emmaus II
Hans Förster (Vienna, Austria) Easter I.A; Elijah (Prophet) IV; Epiphany II
Niclas Förster (Münster, Germany) Election II
Martin Forward (Aurora, Ill., USA) Druidism
Steven D. Fraade (New Haven, Conn., USA) Enosh II
David Frankfurter (Boston, Mass., USA) Elijah, Apocalypses of
Dan Frayer­Griggs (Durham, United Kingdom) Drusilla
Daniel C. Fredericks (Jackson, Miss., USA) Ecclesiastes, Book of IV
Jörg Frey (Zurich, Switzerland) Dualism III–V.A; Eschatology III
David Ganz (Konstanz, Germany) Elders V
John Gee (Provo, Utah, USA) Egypt, Ancient I.A I.D–H
Peter Gemeinhardt (Göttingen, Germany) Early Christian Epoch I; Education VI.A;
Egyptians, Gospel of the; Encratism
Petra von Gemünden (Augsburg, Germany) Emotions IV
Jan Christian Gertz (Heidelberg, Germany) Elohist (E)
David W. Gill (South Hamilton, Mass., USA) Ellul, Jacques
Seymour Gitin (Jerusalem, Israel) Ekron
Gregory Glazov (South Orange, N.J., USA) Eschatology I; Esau VII
Greg Schmidt Goering (Charlottesville, Va., USA) Election III.A
Penny S. Gold (Galesburg, Ill., USA) Education V.D
Haim Goldfus (Beer­Sheva, Israel) Elusa
Joshua Golding (Louisville, Ky., USA) Election III.D

xii
Contributors
Hervé Gonzalez (Lausanne, Switzerland) Eliakim 1–3; Elihoreph; Elika; Eliphal;
Eliphelet 1
Lester L. Grabbe (Hull, United Kingdom) Eagle III
Brooks Graebner (Hillsborough, N.C., USA) Episcopal Church
Sarah B. Graff (New York, N.Y., USA) Dress I
Thomas Graumann (Cambridge, United Kingdom) Ephesus, Council of
Sandie Gravett (Boone, N.C., USA) Education XI
Philippe Guillaume (Grub AR, Switzerland) Ephron (Place) 1–3; Eshan; Eshbaal;
Eshek; Eshtaol; Eshton
James Halteman (South Bend, Ind., USA) Economics and the Bible IV.B
Jaakko Hämeen­Anttila (Helsinki, Finland) Drunkenness VI; Earthquake V; Ecstasy
VI; Egypt, Ancient VI; El II; Eschatology V
Catherine Sider Hamilton (Toronto, Ont., Canada) Egeria I
Ilana Harlow (New York, N.Y., USA) Elijah (Prophet) III.D
Elizabeth J. Harris (Liverpool, United Kingdom) Eating and Drinking VI
Dan Haruv (Jerusalem, Israel) Dubnow, Simon
David Allen Harvey (Sarasota, Fla., USA) Esotericism
Shuichi Hasegawa (Iwate, Japan) En-Gev
Sven Rune Havsteen (Copenhagen, Denmark) Dressler, Gallus; Düben, Gustaf;
Ebeling, Johann Georg; Eccard, Johannes; Ecce Homo IV; Ecclesia and Synagoga IV;
Ecclesiastes, Book of VII; Election IV–VI; Elijah (Prophet) VIII.A; Elmenhorst, Heinrich;
Empfindsamkeit; Enlightenment V; Ephesians, Epistle to the III; Epistles, Catholic II;
Epistles, Pauline II; Epithalamium; Erasmus, Desiderius II; Erlebach, Philipp Heinrich;
Eschatology VIII
Ralph K. Hawkins (Danville, Va., USA) Dye
Christine Hayes (New Haven, Conn., USA) Edicts and Judaism
Ulrich Heckel (Stuttgart, Germany) Epilepsy II
Raik Heckl (Leipzig, Germany) Elnathan 1–4; Elzabad 1–2
Jamey Heit (Glasgow, United Kingdom) Ecstasy VII
Isaac Herskovitz (Ramat­Gan, Israel) Dualism V.C
Walter Herzberg (New York, N.Y., USA) Ephraim Solomon ben Aaron of Luntshits
Sten Hidal (Lund, Sweden) Engnell, Ivan
Ryan Higgins (Nyack, N.Y., USA) Elishah; Ellasar
Innocent Himbaza (Fribourg, Switzerland) Elishama 1–6
N. Frances Hioki (Nagoya, Japan) East Asia IV VI
Marc Hirshman (Jerusalem, Israel) Education V.B
Rudolf Hoppe (Bonn, Germany) Ephesians, Epistle to the I
Doug Hume (Misenheimer, N.C., USA) Election VII
Jürg Hutzli (Lausanne, Switzerland) En-Dor, Medium of I; Ephron (Person)
Adriana X. Jacobs (Greenville, S.C., USA) Ecclesiastes, Book of V
Elaine James (Princeton, N.J., USA) Emotions I
Elisabeth Jay (Oxford, United Kingdom) Eliot, George (Mary Ann [Marian] Evans)
Janell A. Johnson (Macon, Ga., USA) Elimelech I
David L. Johnston (Moylan, Pa., USA) Environment, Ecology, and the Bible IV
Robert K. Johnston (Pasadena, Calif., USA) Ecclesiastes, Book of VIII
Scott C. Jones (Lookout Mountain, Ga., USA) East Wind
Dennis W. Jowers (Tacoma, Wash., USA) Elders IV.A; Encyclopedic Works on the Bible
II.A

Contributors
Jeffrey Jue (Philadelphia, Pa., USA) Eschatology IV.C
Isaac Kalimi (Chicago, Ill., USA) Ebiasaph; Elah (Person) 1–5; Eleadah
Jason Kalman (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) Elihu (Son of Barachel) II
Joel S. Kaminsky (Northampton, Mass., USA) Election I
Jonathan Kaplan (Austin, Tex., USA) Earth III; Ephraim II.B
Gediminas Karoblis (Trondheim, Norway) Ecstasy IX
Pietro Kaswalder (Jerusalem, Israel) Ein Kerem
Nestor Kavvadas (Tübingen, Germany) Edessa I
Jeffrey F. Keuss (Seattle, Wash., USA) Easter II
Young Richard Kim (Grand Rapids, Mich., USA) Epiphanius of Salamis
Wolfram Kinzig (Bonn, Germany) Ecclesia and Synagoga I
Reuven Kiperwasser (Ramat Gan, Israel) Ecclesiastes, Book of III.A
Sara Kipfer (Bern, Switzerland) Eli III; Elkanah (Father of Samuel) III
John Kissinger (Reading, Pa., USA) Emmaus V; Enoch (Son of Jared) VI; Eschatology
VI
Alexandra Kleinerman (Ithaca, N.Y., USA) Education I
Ernst Axel Knauf (Bern, Switzerland) Emek-Keziz; En-Dor; En-Gannim; En-Haddah;
En-Hazor; En-Rogel; En-Shemesh; Enam
Jacobus (Kobus) Kok (Pretoria, South Africa) Earth II
Linda Maria Koldau (Utrecht, The Netherlands) Eisler, Hanns
David Konstan (Providence, R.I., USA) Emotions III; Epicureanism
Jennifer L. Koosed (Reading, Pa., USA) Eagle V
Corinna Körting (Oslo, Norway) Drunkenness II
Anton Karl Kozlovic (Adelaide, SA, Australia) Eden, Garden of IX
David Kraemer (New York, N.Y., USA) Drunkenness IV; Eating and Drinking III;
Economics and the Bible III
Laura Krauss (Rolling Hills Estates, Calif., USA) Easter III; Eclipse VI
Judith Krawelitzki (Göttingen, Germany) Enemy, Enemies I
Annette Kreutziger­Herr (Berlin, Germany) Eddy, Mary Baker
Berthold Kreß (London, United Kingdom) Egypt, Ancient VIII; Emmaus IV
Paul Michael Kurtz (Göttingen, Germany) El I
John T.P. Lai (Hong Kong, China) East Asia III.A
Christian Lange (Bamberg, Germany) Ephraem the Syrian
Göran Larsson (Gothenburg, Sweden) Education VII
Eric Lawee (Jerusalem, Israel) Eleazar Ashkenazi ben Nathan ha-Bavli
Lisa LeBlanc (Paxton, Mass., USA) Ecclesia and Synagoga II
André Lemaire (Paris, France) Dussaud, René
Helen Leneman (Bethesda, Md., USA) En-Dor, Medium of III V–VI
Alan Lenzi (Stockton, Calif., USA) Erech
Volker Leppin (Tübingen, Germany) Du Pin, Louis Ellies; Duns Scotus; Earth IV;
Eclipse IV; Elizabeth (Mother of John the Baptist) II; Elizabeth of Hungary; Enemy,
Enemies IV
G. Brooke Lester (Evanston, Ill., USA) Empire II
Mark Leuchter (Philadelphia, Pa., USA) Eshtemoa (Person) 1–2; Eshtemoa (Place)
Leonard Levin (New York, N.Y., USA) Ephraim Solomon ben Aaron of Luntshits
John R. Levison (Seattle, Wash., USA) Ecstasy III
Ian Christopher Levy (Providence, R.I., USA) Ephesians, Epistle to the II
John Lewis (Princeton, N.J., USA) Dumah (Person); Dumah (Place) I–III; El-Paran;
Eldad and Medad (Persons) I; Elidad; Elionas; Elon (Person) 1–3
xiii

xiv
Contributors
Hanna Liss (Heidelberg, Germany) Eleazar ben Judah of Worms
Mario Liverani (Rome, Italy) Empire I
Martin Lockshin (Toronto, Ont., Canada) Edom, Edomites II; Eldad and Medad
(Persons) II; Eldad and Modad (Book); Elders III; Esau III.B
I­to Loh (Tainan, Taiwan) East Asia V
Elizabeth Ludlow (Birmingham, UK) Elizabeth (Mother of John the Baptist) III
Gerard P. Luttikhuizen (Groningen, The Netherlands) Elchasaites I
Nathan MacDonald (Cambridge, UK) Eating and Drinking I
Jean­Daniel Macchi (Geneva, Switzerland) Eli I
Dennis F. Mahoney (Burlington, Vt., USA) Eichendorff, Joseph von
Paul Mandel (Jerusalem, Israel) Ekhah Rabbah (EkhR)
Hellen Mardaga (Washington, D.C., USA) Enoch (Son of Jared) II
Katherine Marsengill (Princeton, N.J., USA) Ecstasy VIII; Eeckhout, Gerbrand van
den; Electronic Resources and the Bible III; Elisha VII; Emesa; Emotions VII; Empire VI;
Enoch (Son of Jared) VII
Hans­Peter Mathys (Basel, Switzerland) Duhm, Bernhard Lauardus; Ehrlich, Arnold
Bogumil; Eichrodt, Walther
Ann Matter (Philadelphia, Pa., USA) Emmerick, Anna Katharina
Claudia May (Berkeley, Calif., USA) Ellison, Ralph
Bernard McGinn (Chicago, Ill., USA) Drunkenness V; Ear, Ears IV; Eating and
Drinking IV; Eckhart, Meister; Ecstasy V; Elisha IV; Emanation II; Emmaus III; Esau
IV; Eschatology IV.B
Abraham Melamed (Haifa, Israel) Election III.C
Kevin Mellish (St. Anne, Ill., USA) Edom, Edomites I
Otto Merk (Erlangen, Germany) Eichhorn, Karl Albert August Ludwig
Andreas Merkt (Regensburg, Germany) Eschatology IV.A
Ely Merzbach (Ramat­Gan, Israel) Eclipse III
Amy E. Meverden (New York, N.Y., USA ) Ebal (Person); Eber (Place); Ehi; Eldaah
Darren J. N. Middleton (Fort Worth, Tex., USA) Endō Shūsaku III
Gordon Mikoski (Princeton, N.J., USA) Education VI.B
Ljubomir Milanovic (Princeton, N.J., USA) Early Christian Epoch II
Matthew Milliner (Wheaton, Ill, USA) Education IX
Françoise Mirguet (Tempe, Ariz., USA) Emotions II
Gregory Mobley (Newton Centre, Mass., USA) Ehud and Eglon, Story of III
Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala (Córdoba, Spain) Eating and Drinking V; Edessa II
Stewart Moore (New Haven, Conn., USA) Elialis; Emadabun; Emathis
David Moster (Lower Merion, Pa., USA) Elizaphan 1–2; Enoch (Son of Cain); Enoch
(Son of Jared) I; Enosh I; Eran; Eri; Eshban; Eshcol (Person); Eshcol (Place)
Wesley T. Mott (Oak Bluffs, Mass., USA) Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Ekkehard Mühlenberg (Göttingen, Germany) Eck, Johann
Markus Mühling (Lüneburg, Germany) Einstein, Albert
Jerome Murphy­O’Connor (Jerusalem, Israel) École Biblique
Megan Murray (Pittsburgh, Pa., USA) Earthquake VI
Carol L. Neel (Colorado Springs, Colo., USA) Eagle IV
Thomas Yoder Neufeld (Waterloo, Ont., Canada) Enemy, Enemies II
Andreas Neumann (Erlangen, Germany) Emotions V
Madhavi Nevader (Glasgow, United Kingdom) Earthquake I
Zhange Ni (Chicago, Ill., USA) Duanmu Hongliang; East Asia III.B; Endō Shūsaku I–
II

Contributors
Gordon Nickel (Vancouver, BC, Canada) Enemy, Enemies V
Karl­Wilhelm Niebuhr (Markkleeberg, Germany) Epistles, Catholic I
Christophe Nihan (Geneva, Switzerland) Eleazar 1–6
Martti Nissinen (Helsinki, Finland) Esarhaddon
Dany Nocquet (Montpellier, France) Elijah (Prophet) I; Elijah 1–5
Christina Normore (Evanston, Ill., USA) Eating and Drinking VIII.A
Tzvi Novick (Notre Dame, Ind., USA) Eli II
Tom O’Loughlin (Nottingham, United Kingdom) Esdras, Books of II
Manfred Oeming (Heidelberg, Germany) Eglah; Elkanah (Father of Samuel) I;
Elkanah 1–7; Elnaam
Fumi Ogura (Nagoya, Japan) East Asia VI
Jeannine Olson (Providence, R.I., USA) Elders IV.B
Mary Anne O’Neil (Walla Walla, Wash., USA) Emmanuel, Pierre
Gaye W. Ortiz (Augusta, Ga., USA) Environment, Ecology, and the Bible V
Conrad E. Ostwalt (Boone, N.C., USA) Eschatology IX
Willemien Otten (Chicago, Ill., USA) Eden, Garden of IV
James Carleton Paget (Cambridge, United Kingdom) Ebionites
Juha Pakkala (Helsinki, Finland) East Gate; Eder (Person) 1–2; Ehud 1–2; Elasah 1–
2; Elead; Eleasah
Aaron D. Panken (New York, N.Y., USA) Enemy, Enemies III.B
Hye Kyung Park (Seoul, South Korea) Dura
Andreas Pawlas (Klein Offenseth­Sparrieshoop, Germany) Economics and the Bible
IV.A
Yitzhak Paz (Kfar Sava, Israel) En-Gev
Nils Holger Petersen (Copenhagen, Denmark) Earthquake VIII; Easter IV; Eating
and Drinking IX; Eberlin, Johann Ernst; Eclipse VII; Eden, Garden of VIII; Education
X; Egeria II; Electronic Music; Electronic Resources and the Bible IV; Elizabeth (Mother
of John the Baptist) V; Emmaus VI; Emotions VIII; Enemy, Enemies VII; Epiphany V;
Esdras, Books of III
Lloyd Pietersen (Gloucester, United Kingdom) Epistles, Pastoral
Tanja Pilger (Berlin, Germany) Elihu (Son of Barachel) I; Elihu 1–5; Eliphaz 1–2
Renate Johanna Pillinger (Himberg/Wien, Austria) Ephesus I
Tanja Pommerening (Mainz, Germany) Embalming
Michael Nai­Chiu Poon (Singapore, Republic of Singapore) East Asia II
Adam L. Porter (Jacksonville, Ill., USA) Elijah (Prophet) IX; Enemy, Enemies VIII
Gian Luca Potestà (Milan, Italy) Dualism VI
Daniel Potts (Sydney, N.S.W., Australia) Elam, Elamites I
Michael E. Pregill (Elon, N.C., USA) Elchasaites II
Aleksandra Prica (Zurich, Switzerland) Earth VI; Ecce Homo II; Eden, Garden of VI.B;
Ends of the Earth III
Martin Prudký (Prague, Czech Republic) Eclipse I; Edicts in the Bible I
Jeremy Punt (Stellenbosch, South Africa) Dress III
Jason Radine (Bethlehem, Pa., USA) Ephraim I; Esau I
Ilaria L. E. Ramelli (Milan, Italy) Education III; Epictetus
Walter Reed (Atlanta, Ga., USA) Epic I
Bryan Rennie (New Wilmington, Pa., USA) Eliade, Mircea
Kianoosh Rezania (Göttingen, Germany) Dualism I
Matthieu Richelle (Vaux­sur­Seine, France) Dung Gate; Ebed I; Ebez; Ebron; Edrei 1–
2
xv

xvi
Contributors
James T. Robinson (Chicago, Ill., USA) Ecclesiastes, Book of III.B
Christopher A. Rollston (Johnson City, Tenn. USA) Engraving; Epigraphy I
Thomas Römer (Lausanne, Switzerland) Ehud and Eglon, Story of I; Eliezer 1; Eliezer
of Damascus I; Elkanah 8
Paul Rorem (Princeton, N.J., USA) Eriugena, John Scotus
Clare K. Rothschild (Chicago, Ill., USA) Ecstasy II; Encomium
Jan Rückl (Prague, Czech Republic) Eliphelet 4–5; Elishua
Umar Ryad (Leiden, The Netherlands) Enlightenment III
Angel Sáenz­Badillos (Madrid, Spain) Dunash ben Labrat
Zeev Safrai (Ramat­Gan, Israel) Economics and the Bible I
Jacob J. Schacter (Teaneck, N.J., USA) Emden, Jacob
Bernd U. Schipper (Berlin, Germany) Egypt, Ancient I.I–II; Egyptology and Biblical
Studies
Caroline T. Schroeder (Stockton, Calif., USA) Egypt, Ancient X
Leah Rediger Schulte (Claremont, Calif., USA) Edna; Elkiah
Shuly Rubin Schwartz (New York, N.Y., USA) Encyclopedic Works on the Bible I
Leah Di Segni (Jerusalem, Israel) Elusa
David Seidenberg (Northampton, Mass., USA) Environment, Ecology, and the Bible
II.A
Jonathan Seitz (Taipei, Taiwan) Ecumenical Movement
Herman J. Selderhuis (Apeldoorn, The Netherlands) Drusius, Johannes Clemens;
Erastus, Thomas
Choon­Leong Seow (Princeton, N.J., USA) Elizur; Emim; Ephod (Person)
Christine Shea (Muncie, Ind., USA) Empire VII
Jonathan Sheehan (Berkeley, Calif., USA) Enlightenment II.A IV
Austin Crenshaw Shelley (Princeton, N.J., USA) Elisheba; Enaim; Enan; Esek
R. Mark Shipp (Austin, Tex., USA) Emerald
Eliezer Shore (Jerusalem, Israel) Ecstasy IV
Melissa Siik (Durham, United Kingdom) Election V
Jason M. Silverman (Leiden, The Netherlands) Ecbatana
Lily Singer­Avitz (Tel Aviv, Israel) Esdar, Tel
Rudolf Smend (Göttingen, Germany) Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried; Eissfeldt, Otto
Svetlana Smolcić Makuljevic´ (Belgrade, Serbia) Earthquake VII
Moshe Sokolow (New York, N.Y., USA) Education V.C
Ori Z. Soltes (Washington, D.C., USA) Eagle VI; Ecclesia and Synagoga III; Eden,
Garden of VII; Elijah (Prophet) VII.A; Elizabeth (Mother of John the Baptist) IV; Esau
VI
Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen, Germany) Dualism II; Ear, Ears I; Eden,
Garden of I
Klaas Spronk (Kampen, Netherlands) Eglon (Person) I; Eglon (Place); Elon-
Bezaanannim; Elon-Meonenim
Hennie F. Stander (Pretoria, South Africa) Dress III
Thomas Staubli (Fribourg, Switzerland) Elephant
Günter Stemberger (Vienna, Austria) Eden, Garden of III.B; Election III.B
Christoph Stenschke (Bergneustadt, Germany) Edicts in the Bible II; Elizabeth
(Mother of John the Baptist) I; Emmaus I; Ends of the Earth I
Eliyahu Stern (New Haven, Conn., USA) Elijah ben Solomon Zalman of Vilna
Adam Stokes (Princeton, N.J., USA) Eliab 1–7; Eliahba; Eliasaph 1–2; Eliehoenai 1–
2; Elienai; Elioenai 1–6; Eliphelehu

Contributors
Ryan Stokes (Fort Worth, Tex., USA) Enemy, Enemies III.A
Rowan Strong (Perth, WA, Australia) England, Church of
Jonathan Stökl (Cambridge, United Kingdom) Driver, Godfrey Rolles; Driver, Samuel
Rolles
Chloe Sun (El Monte, Calif., USA) Elim
Douglas Sweeney (Deerfield, Ill., USA) Edwards, Jonathan
Anthony Swindell (St Saviour, Jersey, Channel Islands) Electronic Resources and the
Bible II; Elijah (Prophet) VI; Eliot, T. S.; Elisha VI; Enemy, Enemies VI; Epiphany IV
Krisztina Szilágyi (Cambridge, United Kingdom) Epilepsy IV
Philippe Talon (Brussels, Belgium) Enuma Elish
W. B. Tatum (Greensboro, N.C., USA) Earthquake IX; Eclipse VIII; Elizabeth (Mother
of John the Baptist) VI; Emmaus VII
Joan Taylor (London, United Kingdom) Essene Gate
David Thomas (Birmingham, United Kingdom) Dualism VII; Early Christian Epoch
V; Economics and the Bible V; Epiphany III
Trevor W. Thompson (Abilene, Tex., USA) Epaenetus; Epaphras; Epaphroditus;
Epistles, Apocryphal; Epistolography; Erastus 1–3
James H. Thrall (Galesburg, Ill., USA) Eating and Drinking X
Roberto Tottoli (Naples, Italy) Elijah (Prophet) V; Elisha V; Enoch (Son of Jared) V
Evert van Uitert (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Dürer, Albrecht; Dyck, Antonis van;
Ensor, James; Epstein, Jacob; Ernst, Max
Rivka Ulmer (Lewisburg, Pa., USA) Egypt, Ancient IV.B
Joe Uziel (Ramat Gan, Israel) En-Gedi
Richard Valantasis (Atlanta, Ga., USA) Egypt, Ancient I.C
Veronique Vandekerchove (Leuven, Belgium) Ecce Homo III
Ilja M. Veldman (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Drunkenness VIII
Iolanda Ventura (Orléans, France) Encyclopedic Works on the Bible II.B
Richard R. Viladesau (Seaford, N.Y., USA) El Greco (Domenikos Theokopoulos)
Pauline A. Viviano (Chicago, Ill., USA) Elon (Place); Elon-Beth-Hanan; Elpaal; Eltekeh
Nelvin Vos (Maxatawny, Pa., USA) Esau V
Urban von Wahlde (Chicago, Ill., USA) Eden, Garden of II
Stefan Wälchli (Rüfenacht, Switzerland) Ela; Elath, Eloth; Elhanan 1–2; Eliada 1–3;
Eliam; Elishaphat
Barry Dov Walfish (Toronto, Ont., Canada) Dress IV; Ear, Ears III; East Asia I;
Ecclesiastes, Book of VI; Ehud and Eglon, Story of II IV; Elah, Valley of II; Eliezer of
Damascus II.B; Elijah (Prophet) III.E VIII.B; Encyclopedic Works on the Bible I; Ends
of the Earth II
Richard Walsh (Fayetteville, NC, USA) Epic II
Peter Walter (Freiburg i.Br., Germany) Erasmus, Desiderius I
Gordon L. Watley (Lincoln, Nebr., USA) Elasa; Eleazar 8–10; Eleutherus; Ephraim
II.A; Esdris
Michael G. Wechsler (Northbrook, Ill., USA) Ecclesiastes, Book of III.D; Egypt,
Ancient IV.C
Daniel Weidner (Berlin, Germany) Emblem, Emblem Books; Emphasis
Joanna Weinberg (Oxford, United Kingdom) Earthquake III
Steven H. Werlin (Tucson, Ariz., USA) En-Boqeq
April Westbrook (Costa Mesa, Calif., USA) Eastern Sea; Ebed II; Ebed-Melech; Eber
(Person) I–V; Eden (Person)
xvii

xviii
Translators
Anthony Whitley (Lexington, N.C., USA) Easter V; Ecstasy X
Timothy M. Willis (Malibu, Calif., USA) Elders I
David Wilmington (Waco, TX, USA) Ellington, Duke (Edward Kennedy)
Aryeh Wineman (Northampton, Mass., USA) Elimelech of Lyzhansk
Stephan Witetschek (Munich, Germany) Ephesus II
Jakob Wöhrle (Münster, Germany) Ebenezer (Place); Eliashib 1–8; Elisha I
Kirsten Wolf (Madison, Wis., USA) Eddic Poetry
Benjamin G. Wright III (Bethlehem, Pa., USA) Egypt, Ancient IV.A
Géza Xeravits (Budapest, Hungary) Elijah (Prophet) III.A; Eschatology II
Odded Yisraeli (Beer­Sheva, Israel) Elijah (Prophet) III.C
Adam Zertal (Haifa, Israel) Ebal, Mount
Charles Zika (Melbourne, Vic., Australia) En-Dor, Medium of IV
Eric Ziolkowski (Easton, Pa., USA) Dust III; Early Christian Epoch IV; Earth VIII–X;
Elisha VIII; Epilepsy I III V; Epiphany I
Translators
Gerlinde Baumann (Buxtehude, Germany) Election II;Elohist(E);Emmaus II;Enemy,
Enemies I;EphraemiRescriptus,Codex;Erasmus,Desiderius I;Esdras,Booksof I
Thomas Belyea (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Ernst, Max
Claudine A. Chavannes­Mazel (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Dyck, Antonis van;
Dürer, Albrecht
Franziska Ede (Göttingen, Germany) Earth VI; Ebeling, Gerhard; Eck, Johann; Eden,
Garden of VI.B; Egypt, Ancient V; Eichhorn, Karl Albert August Ludwig; Electronic
Resources and the Bible I; Elishe Vardapet; Ends of the Earth III
Christine Henschel (Chester, United Kingdom) Easter I.B; Ecce Homo II; Elephant;
Ember Days; Ephesians, Epistle to the I; Epilepsy II; Eschatology IV.A
Paul Michael Kurtz (Göttingen, Germany) Epigraphy II
Dale J. Provost (Buxtehude, Germany) Election II; Elohist (E); Emmaus II; Enemy,
Enemies I; Ephraemi Rescriptus, Codex; Erasmus, Desiderius I; Esdras, Books of I
Dennis L. Slabaugh (Hamburg, Germany) Drews, Arthur Christian Heinrich; Enoch
(Son of Jared) IV; Enoch, Books of II; Ephesus, Council of
Barry Dov Walfish (Toronto, Ont., Canada) Elijah (Prophet) III.C
Amy Whisenand (Princeton, N.J., USA) Eden, Garden of I

Figures, Plates, and Maps
Figures
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
“Arma Christi with the Holy Tunic of Trier”: wood carving of the title
page of J. Adelphus’WahrhaftigSagoderRedvondemRockJesuChristi (1512)
Staatsbibliothek Munich/Germany ©akg­images. [/ Dress]
Jan Pietersz Saenredam, “Lot and his daughters”: copper engraving
based on a painting by Hendrik Goltzius (1597), Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam/The
Netherlands ©akg­images. [/ Drunkenness]
Albrecht Dürer, “Adam and Eve”: copper engraving (1504) Städelsches
Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt a.M./Germany ©akg­images. [/ Dürer, Albrecht]
“Yo no naka ni,” hymnal no. 216 from Sound the Bamboo: initial stanza
with lyrics, Tainan/Taiwan 2000 ©Loh et al. (eds.). [/ East Asia]
“Ohoradiya sangsadiya,” hymnal no. 101 from Sound the Bamboo: initial
stanza with lyrics, Tainan/Taiwan 2000 ©Loh et al. (eds.). [/ East Asia]
“Putianxia dang xiang Zhu huanhu,” hymnal no. 93 from Sound the Bamboo:
initial stanza with lyrics, Tainan/Taiwan 2000 ©Loh et al. (eds.).
[/ East Asia]
“Choan­toe tioh ng Chu Siong­te,” hymnal no. 228 from Sound the Bamboo:
initial stanza with lyrics Tainan/Taiwan 2000 ©Loh et al. (eds.).
[/ East Asia]
Lu Hongnian, “Birth of Christ”: drawing (1947), Missions Étrangères de
Paris, Paris/France ©akg­images. [/ East Asia]
“The Dance of the Dervishes”: illustration of the manuscript “Khamseh
by Djami” (early 16th cent.), formerly of the Gulistan Imperial Library,
Teheran/Iran ©akg­images/Werner Forman. [/ Ecstasy]
Sergei M. Eisenstein, Ivan the Terrible: film still (1944) ©akg­images.
[/ Eisenstein, Sergei]
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription (7th cent. BCE) Israel Museum,
Jerusalem/Israel ©Archaeology Albright Institute/Seymour Gitin.
[/ Ekron]
El – the Father of the God and an adorer: stele engraving (13th cent. BCE)
National Museum, Aleppo/Syria ©akg­images/Erich Lessing. [/ El]
Maestro Mateo, “Two musicians”: sculptured detail in the Gate of Glory
of the cathedral (12th cent.) Santiago de Compostela/Spain ©akg­images.
[/ Elders]
“Elkanah between his wives Hannah and Peninnah”: book illumination
in the Bible of Manerius (ca. 1185), Ms. 8, fol. 178v. Bibliothèque Sainte­
Geneviève, Paris/France ©akg­images/Jean­Claude Varga. [/ Elkanah
(Father of Samuel)]

xx
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Plates
Plate 1.a
Plate 1.b
Plate 2
Plate 3.a
Plate 3.b
Plate 4.a
Plate 4.b
Plate 5
Plate 6
Plate 7
Figures, Plates, and Maps
Georgette de Montenay, Emblem, from Emblèmes ou devises chrestiennes
(Lyons 1567/1571) p. 8, ©by permission of University of Glasgow Library,
Special Collections. [/ Emblem, Emblem Books]
Johann Michael Dilherr, Emblem on the “Name of Jesus,” from id./G.
P. Harsdörffer, Drei ständige Sonn- und Festtag-Emblemata, oder Sinne-Bilder,
Nuremberg, ca. 1660. [/ Emblem, Emblem Books]
Gerard Hoet et al., “Judah giveth his signet, bracelets and staff in pledge
to Tamar”: wood engraving in Figures de la Bible (1728) ©Science Collections,
University of Oklahoma Libraries. [/ Enaim]
“Canaanite Woman”: fresco from the so­called Tomb of the Evangelist
Luke at Ephesus (2nd­3rd cent. CE) Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna/
Austria ©Andreas Pülz. [/ Ephesus]
Christoph Weigel, “The herdsmen of Gerar argue with Isaac’s men over
the recent discovery of two wells”: wood engraving on title page of The
Wells of Gerar (1695) ©Courtesy of the Pitts Theology Library, Candler
School of Theology, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga./USA. [/ Esek]
King Shalmaneser III receives the tribute of King Jehu of Israel, who
is at the knees of the Assyrians: panel from the Black Obelisk of King
Shalmaneser III of Nimrud (ca. 825 BCE) British Museum, London/
United Kingdom ©akg­images/Bible Land Pictures. [/ Dress]
Ara Pacis Augustae (The Altar of Augustan Peace): altarpiece dedicated
to August’s return from battle in Gaul and Spain (9 BCE), Museo dell’
Ara Pacis, Rome/Italy ©akg­images/Andrea Jemolo. [/ Dress]
Duccio di Buoninsegna“Passion of Christ”: rear panel of the altarpiece
Maesta (1308­11), Museo dell’Opera Metropolitana del Duomo, Siena/
Italy ©akg­images/Nimatallah. [/ Duccio di Buoninsegna]
“Ezekiel’s prophecy about the destruction and restoration of national
life”: wall painting from the synagogue of Dura Europos (245 CE), National
Museum of Damascus, Damascus/Syria ©akg­images/Bible Land
Pictures. [/ Dura-Europos]
“Ehud kills King Eglon” (Judges 3 : 21): book illumination from Speculum
humanaesalvationis (ca. 1360), MS no. 2505, fol. 55r, Hessische Landesbibliothek,
Darmstadt/Germany ©akg­images. [/EhudandEglon,Storyof]
Antonis van Dyck,EcceHomo (1625/26), The Barber Institute of Fine Arts,
Birmingham/United Kingdom ©akg­images. [/ Dyck, Antonis van]
Honore Daumier, Ecce Homo (1850), Museum Folkwang, Essen/Germany
©akg­images. [/ Ecce Homo]
Salvador Dali, Madonna (1958), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
© akg­images/Erich Lessing/Salvador Dalí, Fundació Gala­Salvador Dalí/
VG Bild­Kunst, Bonn 2013. [/ Ear, Ears]
Ben Shahn,Rex (Ecclesiastes,or ThePreacher) (1970), Harvard Art Museums/
Fogg Museum, Stephen Lee Taller Ben Shahn Archive, Gift of Dolores
S. Taller, M25528; Photo: Imaging Department ©President and Fellows
of Harvard College. [/ Ecclesiastes, Book of]
Marc Chagall, Paradise (1961), Musée National Marc Chagall, Nice/France
©akg­images. [/ Eden, Garden of]

Plate 8.a
Plate 8.b
Plate 9
Figures, Plates, and Maps
Gerbrandt van den Eeckhout, The Sunamite Woman before the Prophet Elisha
(1664), Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest/Hungary ©akg­images. [/ Eeckhout,
Gerbrand van den]
Fra Angelico, “The Annunciation. The Visitation”: tempera on panel (ca.
1432­33), Museo Diocesano, Cortona/Italy ©akg­images. [/ Elizabeth
(Mother of John the Baptist)]
Nicolas Poussin, Autumn or The Messengers from Canaan (ca. 1660), Musée
du Louvre Paris/France ©akg­images/Erich Lessing. [/ Eshcol (Place)]
Plate 10.a Giovanni Bellini, The Transfiguration of Christ on Mount Tabor (ca. 1460),
San Salvatore Church, Venice/Italy ©akg­images. [/ Elijah (Prophet)]
Plate 10.b Salvator Rosa, Saul and the Witch of Endor (1 Samuel 28 : 16­17) (1668),
Louvre, Paris/France ©akg­images/Erich Lessing. [/ En-Dor, Medium of]
Plate 11
Plate 12
Plate 13
Plate 14.a
Plate 14.b
Plate 15.a
Plate 15.b
Plate 16
“Elijah Riding a Donkey”: illuminated illustration in the Washington
Haggadah (Germany, 1478), fol. 19v, Library of Congress, Washington,
D.C./USA ©Hebraic Section, African and Middle Eastern Division, Library
of Congress, Washington, D.C./USA. [/ Elijah (Prophet)]
“Elijah and Khidr at the Fountain of Life”: illustration (late 15th cent.)
Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C./USA; F1937.24 ©Freer Gallery of
Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C./USA. [/ Elijah (Prophet)]
James Ensor, Christ’s Entry into Brussels (1888­89), The J. Paul Getty Museum,
Los Angeles, Calif./USA ©akg­images/VG Bild­Kunst, Bonn 2013.
[/ Ensor, James]
“The Apostle Paul and Thekla”: fresco in Paul’s Grotto (2nd ­ 3rd cent.
CE), Ephesus Archaeological Site Selçuk/Turkey ©Nicolas Gail. [/ Ephesus]
Ernst Liebermann, “[Dostoevsky as] Moses” (1896): wall painting in the
church of St. Laurentius, Kircheim (Thuringia)/Germany; Archiv Andreas
Hüneke, Potsdam/Germany ©Andreas Hüneke. [/ Epilepsy]
“Isaac blesses Jacob in front of his Brothers”: gold panel decoration (ca.
1435), Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore Museum, Florence/Italy ©akgimages/MPortfolio/Electa.
[/ Esau]
“Christ as the Redeemer and two Archangels”: detail from the apse mosaic
of the Basilica of San Vitale (6th cent. CE), Ravenna/Italy© akg­images/De
Agostini Pict.Lib. [/ Eschatology]
xxi
Max Ernst, The Virgin Spanking the Christ Child before three Witnesses: André
Breton, Paul Éluard und the Painter (1926), Museum Ludwig, Cologne/Germany
©akg­images/VG Bild­Kunst, Bonn 2013. [/ Ernst, Max]
Map
Map 1
Ancient Ephesus (design: Barbara Krückemeyer) ©Walter de Gruyter,
2013. [/ Ephesus]

Abbreviations*
Technical Abbreviations
ad loc. ad locum (at the place discussed)
Akk.
Akkadian
ANE
ancient Near East
Arab.
Arabic
Aram. Aramaic
Arm.
Armenian
Assyr. Assyrian
b. born
BCE
Before Common Era
BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
ca.
circa
Can.
Canaanite
CE
Common Era
cent.
century
cf. confer (compare)
ch./chs. chapter/chapters
col./cols. column/columns
Copt.
Coptic
d. died
dir./dirs. director/directors
diss.
dissertation
DN
divine name
DSS
Dead Sea Scrolls
ed./eds. editor/editors
e.g. exempli gratia (for example)
Eg.
Egyptian
esp.
especially
ET
English Translation
et al. et alii (and others)
etc. et cetera (and the rest)
Eth.
Ethiopic
fig.
figure
fl.
flourished
frg./frgs. fragment/fragments
FS
Festschrift
Gk.
Greek
GRA
Greco­Roman Antiquity
HB
Hebrew Bible
Heb.
Hebrew
Hitt.
Hittite
ibid. ibidem (in the same place)
id. idem (the same)
i.e. id est (that is)
incl.
inclusive; including
K
Kethib
Kh.
Khirbet
KJV
King James Version
km
kilometer
Lat.
Latin
lit.
literally
loc. cit. loco citato (in the place cited)
LXX
Septuagint
m
meter; mile
Mand. Mandean/Mandaic
mm
millimeters
MS/MSS manuscript/manuscripts
MT
Masoretic Text
n./nn. note/notes
Nab.
Nabatean
N.B. nota bene (note carefully)
n.d.
no date
NHC
Nag Hammadi Codex
NIV
New International Version
NJB
New Jerusalem Bible
n.p.
no place; no page
NRSV New Revised Standard Version
NT
New Testament
op. cit. opera citato (in the work cited)
OT
Old Testament
p./pp. page/pages
pap.
papyrus
par.
parallel
Phoen. Phoenician
pl.
plural; plate
PN
personal name
prod./prods. producer/producers
pt.
part
Pyr.
Pyramid Texts
Q
Q [Gospel source]; Qere; Qumran
r. reigned
rec.
recension
S
Sūra
Sam.
Samaritan
sc.
scene
* For further abbreviations, see P. H. Alexander et al. (eds.), The SBL Handbook of Style (Peabody, Mass. 1999)
§§8.1–3, and appendices F–H.