Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...

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6 Outlook & Recommendations……………………………. 119 6.1 Limitation…………………………………………………………… 119 6.2 Prognosis (outlook) ………………………………………………… 119 6.3 Recommendations………………………………………………….. 121 6.3.1 Quantity and quality of future UGA…………………………………….…….. 121 6.3.2 Planning & management of future UGA …………………………….……….. 121 7 Summary……………………………………………..….............. 124 Endnote………………………………………………………………………………… 127 Reference……...………………………………………………………………………. 128 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………. A Acknowledgement Curriculum Vitae
Abstract Hanoi is a rapidly developing city - in terms of area, population and economy. It also has to face social and environmental problems that often accompany the fast development of a city. Increasing environmental pollution leads to a decrease in living conditions, such as clean water, housing, social services, etc., for most of the city’s inhabitants. Other wellknown social problems in cities worldwide also occur in Hanoi nowadays, for example inequality, food supply, and unemployment. In addition, the society is altering; lifestylechange is a permanent process. Today, it seems that the changing process in Asian countries is rather leap-frogging than continuously. Although many research projects concerning to urban green areas in Hanoi have been completed recently, less is known about utilization of parks&gardens in a practical and systematic way. This study aims at contributing to fulfills the gaps with up-to-date fact and figure of parks’ utilization in the inner city of Hanoi. Based on “grounded theory”, triangular methodology was applied to collect empirical data in four main parks in the inner city of Hanoi namely: Thong Nhat, Bach Thao, Hoan Kiem, and Lenin. Scientific observations, visitor countings were done in 2010-2011; including 2143 face-to-face interviews to park users covering the course of the year and a small online-poll of 113 responses. Thirthteen interviews with experts have been done in several phases and taken into account for discussing and testing hypotheses. Empirical results have shown that utilization of the parks is in abundance in terms of the use- numbers as well as activities. A comparision between the courses of the day for parks in Berlin and Hanoi shown that the time of using parks in Hanoi is earlier in the day. In details, there is 25% and 1.4% of total daily visitors went to parks in Hanoi and Berlin,, respectively. However, the biggest peak in park-visiting time for both cities is in the afternoon. The findings also clarified that students and retirees are the major users even though there is some different in structures of park user among the four parks. The length of stay depends on how large and interesting a park is. In this aspect, Hanoi parks are very poor in facilities showing by a long list of missing facilities in the parks. However, as there are no alternative, parks in Hanoi still attrack a high number of visitors. In general, results from this study have shown a close relationship among socio-economic and political situations in Vietnam with UGAs and its utilization. Influencing factors on parks’ utilization were also indentified, which are social changes, lifestyle changes, economic situation, conflicts in land usage, and maintaining cost for UGAs.
Page 1 and 2: Urban Green Areas - their functions
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract………
Page 5 and 6: 2.4.3 Social benefits …………
Page 7: 4.4.3 Frequency and Length of stay
Page 11 and 12: Abstrakt Hanoi ist eine expandieren
Page 13 and 14: Tóm tắt Hà Nội đang phát tr
Page 15 and 16: List of Figure: Figure 1.1: Implica
Page 17 and 18: (% of responding people)………
Page 19 and 20: List of Pictures Picture 1.1a: Tran
Page 21 and 22: n.n. Nov. No author November R- Rec
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 Hanoi - the city under study Vi
Page 25 and 26: Table 1.1: Climate indicators (2006
Page 27 and 28: The administrative organization and
Page 29 and 30: 1.2.1.4 Period 1964-1974 (see CHIEN
Page 31 and 32: 10 BACH THAO PARK HOAN KIEM PARK TH
Page 33 and 34: This “2020 Hanoi master plan” s
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.6: Organisation of Hanoi C
Page 37 and 38: After that Hanoi citizens become mo
Page 39 and 40: to predict the future demand of UGA
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.8: Sources of data Source:
Page 43 and 44: Observations are systematically pla
Page 45 and 46: (SUPPITAKSAKUL et al. 2006; VISSCHE
Page 47 and 48: esearch fields in developed countri
Page 49 and 50: 2 Urban green areas (UGAs) UGAS are
Page 51 and 52: 2.1.1.7 Ancient Roman gardens Those
Page 53 and 54: trees were not planted in rows whil
Page 55 and 56: elements from earlier English, Fren
Page 57 and 58: In the early modern period, the spr
Page 59 and 60:
esponsible administrative level, et
Page 61 and 62:
As showing in the Figure 2.1, some
Page 63 and 64:
and quantity of the available trees
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surround. That is most intensive fo
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First, rubbish accumulates in ill m
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There are several approaches to con
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Table 2.3: Publications about urban
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BINH 2012). In 1986, Vietnamese gov
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impact on the thinking and behaviou
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The resulting homogeneous social st
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for further understanding of lifest
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y religion, e.g.: catholic lifestyl
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some aspects of their lifestyle as
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low-income and immigrant communitie
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observe is activity of people. Ther
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eality, each activity is done to sa
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4 Recent utilization of parks and g
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(% of the time) 70 60 50 40 30 20 1
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area (m 2 ) The collected data by t
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(% of the entire week) 4.1.5 Expert
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share of park users every hour 16%
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These findings can be understood by
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Social statuses of the visitors mig
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Others, 5.8% from work/ school/ uni
Page 107 and 108:
Share of means of transportation 10
Page 109 and 110:
Regarding the age of visitors it ca
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less frequent park users are higher
Page 113 and 114:
People walking (13 % of observed ac
Page 115 and 116:
From the point of view of park user
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Figure 4.25 shows the high priority
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missing entertainment facilities. m
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4.5.2 Troubles / Disturbances It se
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5 Expected future demand of urban g
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ights (e.g. regarding urban plannin
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Picture 5.1 c: Skating (Own picture
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But urban areas are meanwhile total
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organize activities and sports whic
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As the economy grows - Vietnam’s
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countries, the result is that lifes
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media”, like newspapers, take inf
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environmental functions cause costs
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Yes, the demand of public UGAs in i
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Such a master plan has to clarify t
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7 Summary As a booming city, Hanoi
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among both countries’ parks and V
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Reference ABKLAR, Mahdieh; KAMAL, M
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COCKERHAM, William; RUTTEN, A.; ABE
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GIDDENS, Anthony (1991). Modernity
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Department of Psychology, Universit
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LUONG, Le To; STEINGRUBE, Wilhelm (
Page 159 and 160:
NGHIEM, Dao Ngoc (2011). Hanoi arch
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STOXPLUS (Financial Media Corporati
Page 163 and 164:
VUONG, Tran Quoc (2000). Vietnamese
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TUYEN, Trương Hữu “Planting u
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Appendix 3: Gates’ location and t
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In 1985, the status of Lenin in 5.2
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Appendix 6: Counting sheet H
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Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Vietname
Page 177:
Vietnamese version: https://docs.go
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EXPERT- F- 2012 13/09/2012 HANHLê
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ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit erkläre ich, da
Page 186:
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