Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...
Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ... Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...
a hotel, the public body manage the land must trade off the benefits ahead of business to a public space (the park). In almost all cities, this essentially political trade-off is not easy to arrange. 2.5 Urban comfort The term “urban comfort” describes not another benefit additionally to those mentioned above of UGAs. HONJO (2009: 43) states that there is a rising demand on studies on urban comfort for outdoor environment in the recent context of “changing climate and increase of heat stress in cities”. Main purpose of studying urban comfort is to find the environmental conditions pleasurable the people. Then planners need to calculate how much the benefit a park provides to comfort every single person and number of residents living around the park. For example, people feel comfortable at certain temperature, humidity and wind speed, these are urban comfort; then how much area of trees or lake is enough to create a micro climate matching with the certain urban comfort. Urban comfort is assessed by a number of indices based on empirical data. For example, Standard Effective Temperatures, outdoor Standard Effective Temperatures, Predicted Mean Vote, Predicted Mean Values and the Physiological Equivalent Temperature are the most common indices currently used (see MERTENS 1999: 4119, HWANG et. al. 2010). HONJO (2009) reviews applications of the broadest indices, Standard Effective Temperatures, Predicted Mean Vote and Physiological Equivalent Temperature. He concludes that there “remain problems in the assessment of outdoor comfort indices”, the three indices “have proven suitable for application at the current state of the art” (HONJO 2009: 46). Such indices are necessary to summarise data and to make the benefits manageable for city planning and parks design. Thermal comfort has been studied in fourteen European cities (NIKOLOPOULOU/LYKOUDIS 2006) and both thermal and acid climate in Asian (AMED 2003), African (HASSAAN/MAHMOUD 2011) and European cities (COHEN 2012; PANTANOU 2011). Those studies illuminate that thermal comfort is a major issue in UGA research with important implications for city planning and park design. Thermal comfort is studied in fourteen European cities (NIKOLOPOULOU/LYKOUDIS 2006). Several specific case studies for hot and acid climate in Asian (AMED 2003), African (HASSAAN/MAHMOUD 2011) and European cities (COHEN 2012; PANTANOU 2011) elaborate related issues. Those studies illuminate that thermal comfort is a vivid issue in studies on UGAs. It either demonstrates for social benefit, or city planning as well as park designing. Due to “Outdoor spaces are important to sustainable cities because they accommodate pedestrian traffic and outdoor activities, and contribute greatly to urban liveability and vitality” (CHEN/EDWARD 2012). 47
There are several approaches to construct those indices, for example geographical and physical ones. As geographical points of view, these are important natural aspects affecting directly on park users. The park users behave in the ways, which are different from other places with different climate zones or are similar places having closer climatic conditions. From ecological points of view, the physical relationship between human and parks are described/ summed up by thermal comfort index. The focus on ‘thermal comfort’ is recently a fashionable term. This is measurable but complicated and “current investigations lack a general framework for assessment” (CHEN/EDWARD 2012:118). He also states that parks “provide a pleasurable thermal comfort experience for pedestrians effectively improve the quality of urban living. The influence of thermal comfort on outdoor activities is a complex issue comprising both climatic and behavioral aspects” (CHEN/EDWARD 2012: 118). Indeed, KANTOR/UNGER (2010) summed up the comfort conditions as shown in Figure2.2. This figure shows a complex relationship between: human comfort and environment. It indicates that the human’s thermal sensation depends on a number of factors, such as micrometeorology, sunshine and precipitation. In addition, “the emotional reactions are triggered by the aesthetical experiences offered by the place” (KANTOR and UNGER 2010: 36-37). Furthermore, it is has been shown that culture and environmental attitude have influence on people’ thermal, emotional and perceptual assessments of a park. In addition, “the emotional reactions are triggered by the aesthetical experiences offered by the place” (KANTOR and UNGER 2010: 36-37). Furthermore, it is also found that culture and environmental attitude have influence on people’ thermal, emotional and perceptual assessments of a park. As in the figure 2.2, those subjective features are more difficult to influence by planning than are environmental features. Because, planners do not decide who goes to parks, what clothes park users wear, the emotional status of park users and so on, the planners can at best enhance the opportunities for one group of park users or limit those of another group. They can provide park users a comfortable microclimate. This enhances people to go parks. 48
- Page 17 and 18: (% of responding people)………
- Page 19 and 20: List of Pictures Picture 1.1a: Tran
- Page 21 and 22: n.n. Nov. No author November R- Rec
- Page 23 and 24: 1.1 Hanoi - the city under study Vi
- Page 25 and 26: Table 1.1: Climate indicators (2006
- Page 27 and 28: The administrative organization and
- Page 29 and 30: 1.2.1.4 Period 1964-1974 (see CHIEN
- Page 31 and 32: 10 BACH THAO PARK HOAN KIEM PARK TH
- Page 33 and 34: This “2020 Hanoi master plan” s
- Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.6: Organisation of Hanoi C
- Page 37 and 38: After that Hanoi citizens become mo
- Page 39 and 40: to predict the future demand of UGA
- Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.8: Sources of data Source:
- Page 43 and 44: Observations are systematically pla
- Page 45 and 46: (SUPPITAKSAKUL et al. 2006; VISSCHE
- Page 47 and 48: esearch fields in developed countri
- Page 49 and 50: 2 Urban green areas (UGAs) UGAS are
- Page 51 and 52: 2.1.1.7 Ancient Roman gardens Those
- Page 53 and 54: trees were not planted in rows whil
- Page 55 and 56: elements from earlier English, Fren
- Page 57 and 58: In the early modern period, the spr
- Page 59 and 60: esponsible administrative level, et
- Page 61 and 62: As showing in the Figure 2.1, some
- Page 63 and 64: and quantity of the available trees
- Page 65 and 66: surround. That is most intensive fo
- Page 67: First, rubbish accumulates in ill m
- Page 71 and 72: Table 2.3: Publications about urban
- Page 73 and 74: BINH 2012). In 1986, Vietnamese gov
- Page 75 and 76: impact on the thinking and behaviou
- Page 77 and 78: The resulting homogeneous social st
- Page 79 and 80: for further understanding of lifest
- Page 81 and 82: y religion, e.g.: catholic lifestyl
- Page 83 and 84: some aspects of their lifestyle as
- Page 85 and 86: low-income and immigrant communitie
- Page 87 and 88: observe is activity of people. Ther
- Page 89 and 90: eality, each activity is done to sa
- Page 91 and 92: 4 Recent utilization of parks and g
- Page 93 and 94: (% of the time) 70 60 50 40 30 20 1
- Page 95 and 96: area (m 2 ) The collected data by t
- Page 97 and 98: (% of the entire week) 4.1.5 Expert
- Page 99 and 100: share of park users every hour 16%
- Page 101 and 102: These findings can be understood by
- Page 103 and 104: Social statuses of the visitors mig
- Page 105 and 106: Others, 5.8% from work/ school/ uni
- Page 107 and 108: Share of means of transportation 10
- Page 109 and 110: Regarding the age of visitors it ca
- Page 111 and 112: less frequent park users are higher
- Page 113 and 114: People walking (13 % of observed ac
- Page 115 and 116: From the point of view of park user
- Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.25 shows the high priority
There are several approaches to construct those indices, for example geographical and<br />
physical ones. As geographical points <strong>of</strong> view, these are important natural aspects affecting<br />
directly on park users. The park users behave in the ways, which are different from other<br />
places with different climate zones or are similar places having closer climatic conditions.<br />
From ecological points <strong>of</strong> view, the physical relationship between human and parks are<br />
described/ summed up by thermal comfort index. The focus on ‘thermal comfort’ is<br />
recently a fashionable term. This is measurable but complicated and “current investigations<br />
lack a general framework for assessment” (CHEN/EDWARD 2012:118). He also states that<br />
parks “provide a pleasurable thermal comfort experience for pedestrians effectively<br />
improve the quality <strong>of</strong> urban living. The influence <strong>of</strong> thermal comfort on outdoor activities<br />
is a complex issue comprising both climatic and behavioral aspects” (CHEN/EDWARD<br />
2012: 118).<br />
Indeed, KANTOR/UNGER (2010) summed up the comfort conditions as shown in<br />
Figure2.2. This figure shows a complex relationship between: human comfort and<br />
environment. It indicates that the human’s thermal sensation depends on a number <strong>of</strong><br />
factors, such as micrometeorology, sunshine and precipitation.<br />
In addition, “the emotional reactions are triggered by the aesthetical experiences <strong>of</strong>fered by<br />
the place” (KANTOR and UNGER 2010: 36-37). Furthermore, it is has been shown that<br />
culture and environmental attitude have influence on people’ thermal, emotional and<br />
perceptual assessments <strong>of</strong> a park. In addition, “the emotional reactions are triggered by the<br />
aesthetical experiences <strong>of</strong>fered by the place” (KANTOR and UNGER 2010: 36-37).<br />
Furthermore, it is also found that culture and environmental attitude have influence on<br />
people’ thermal, emotional and perceptual assessments <strong>of</strong> a park.<br />
As in the figure 2.2, those subjective features are more difficult to influence by planning<br />
than are environmental features. Because, planners do not decide who goes to parks, what<br />
clothes park users wear, the emotional status <strong>of</strong> park users and so on, the planners can at<br />
best enhance the opportunities for one group <strong>of</strong> park users or limit those <strong>of</strong> another group.<br />
They can provide park users a comfortable microclimate. This enhances people to go parks.<br />
48
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