Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...

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Picture 2.4: Hang Dau garden Picture 2.5: Bach Thao (own pictures, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, 2011) (own pictures, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, 2011) Picture 2.6: Thong Nhat park (own pictures, taken in Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, 2012) 2.1.5 Summary Gardens and parks have a long history. In ancient time, the meaning of garden (ancient Egypt garden, Chinese garden) is as a work of art owned and used by the rulers. Parks and gardens first started to open to the public in the kingdom of Persia. In the early Christian era, gardens and parks lost their importance along with the decline of the powerful cultures (e.g. ancient Egypt, Greece and Persia). By the time of the Renaissance, new gardens and parks were being built again again. Parks and gardens developed as artistic compositions with cultural and religious features borrowed from many different countries. The common characteristic of the gardens in this period are their strictly symmetrical structure in which harmony of the arrangement of the details is being aimed for. The best-known example here is the Versailles garden in France. 35
In the early modern period, the spread of the influence of the Chinese garden and the natural ideology from France, led to the development of the English garden and its export to Germany. In the modern period, the design of gardens has changed in response to social factors particularly the recreational demands of the populace, and parks the world over are now generally open to the public 2.2 The current situation As a starting point from which to consider the development of UGAs in a developing country, it is necessary to look first at how UGAs have been shaped in the developed world since the structure of parks there influence the design of those now being built in developing countries. 2.2.1 At the global level Academic research of UGAs world wide are broad and concern themselves mostly with potential benefits and increases in urban comfort. The results are published in journals specializing in planning, urban ecology, urban geography, health care and related areas. Their research approaches are also broad, e.g., ecology (see THOPSON 2002), planning (see BLAKE 2010), economy (see HANLEY et al. 2003) and health care (see BERMAN et al. 2012). UGAs’ benefits, urban comfort (CHEN/EDWARD 2012), planning and lifestyle (BYRNE/SIPE 2010) are the most common coalitions of the term: UGA. UGAs are developed in terms of management, protection and development (e.g., CABE project in UK- Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, URGE (urban green environment) (the Team of the EU Research Project URGE - Development of Urban Green Spaces to Improve the quality of Life in Cities and Urban Regions 2004) Parks & Leisure in Australia), though park utilization has also attracted interest e.g., “Should trainers be charged to use Perth parks?” (MCHALE 2011: n.p.). Many aspects of UGAs, including their architecture, vertical green in urban areas, street trees, and urban agriculture are discussed at international conferences (e.g., TEEB 2012, Cities are us 2012). In Asia, research is also concerned with the quality of life in cities and the roles that UGAs play a crucial role, e.g., studies of MARCOTULLIO (2001); YOKOHARI et al. (2000); CLIFT/PLUMB (2008); SOMMER (2011) and JIM/CHEN (2003). 2.2.2 In Vietnam Little was published on UGAs in Vietnam prior to 1985 (see table Appendix 1: A-B). What there is consists of minor historical records. The following is a roughly chronological list of 36
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Urban Green Areas - their functions
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TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract………
Page 5 and 6: 2.4.3 Social benefits …………
Page 7 and 8: 4.4.3 Frequency and Length of stay
Page 9 and 10: Abstract Hanoi is a rapidly develop
Page 11 and 12: Abstrakt Hanoi ist eine expandieren
Page 13 and 14: Tóm tắt Hà Nội đang phát tr
Page 15 and 16: List of Figure: Figure 1.1: Implica
Page 17 and 18: (% of responding people)………
Page 19 and 20: List of Pictures Picture 1.1a: Tran
Page 21 and 22: n.n. Nov. No author November R- Rec
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 Hanoi - the city under study Vi
Page 25 and 26: Table 1.1: Climate indicators (2006
Page 27 and 28: The administrative organization and
Page 29 and 30: 1.2.1.4 Period 1964-1974 (see CHIEN
Page 31 and 32: 10 BACH THAO PARK HOAN KIEM PARK TH
Page 33 and 34: This “2020 Hanoi master plan” s
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.6: Organisation of Hanoi C
Page 37 and 38: After that Hanoi citizens become mo
Page 39 and 40: to predict the future demand of UGA
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.8: Sources of data Source:
Page 43 and 44: Observations are systematically pla
Page 45 and 46: (SUPPITAKSAKUL et al. 2006; VISSCHE
Page 47 and 48: esearch fields in developed countri
Page 49 and 50: 2 Urban green areas (UGAs) UGAS are
Page 51 and 52: 2.1.1.7 Ancient Roman gardens Those
Page 53 and 54: trees were not planted in rows whil
Page 55: elements from earlier English, Fren
Page 59 and 60: esponsible administrative level, et
Page 61 and 62: As showing in the Figure 2.1, some
Page 63 and 64: and quantity of the available trees
Page 65 and 66: surround. That is most intensive fo
Page 67 and 68: First, rubbish accumulates in ill m
Page 69 and 70: There are several approaches to con
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.3: Publications about urban
Page 73 and 74: BINH 2012). In 1986, Vietnamese gov
Page 75 and 76: impact on the thinking and behaviou
Page 77 and 78: The resulting homogeneous social st
Page 79 and 80: for further understanding of lifest
Page 81 and 82: y religion, e.g.: catholic lifestyl
Page 83 and 84: some aspects of their lifestyle as
Page 85 and 86: low-income and immigrant communitie
Page 87 and 88: observe is activity of people. Ther
Page 89 and 90: eality, each activity is done to sa
Page 91 and 92: 4 Recent utilization of parks and g
Page 93 and 94: (% of the time) 70 60 50 40 30 20 1
Page 95 and 96: area (m 2 ) The collected data by t
Page 97 and 98: (% of the entire week) 4.1.5 Expert
Page 99 and 100: share of park users every hour 16%
Page 101 and 102: These findings can be understood by
Page 103 and 104: Social statuses of the visitors mig
Page 105 and 106: Others, 5.8% from work/ school/ uni
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Share of means of transportation 10
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Regarding the age of visitors it ca
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less frequent park users are higher
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People walking (13 % of observed ac
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From the point of view of park user
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Figure 4.25 shows the high priority
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missing entertainment facilities. m
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4.5.2 Troubles / Disturbances It se
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5 Expected future demand of urban g
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ights (e.g. regarding urban plannin
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Picture 5.1 c: Skating (Own picture
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But urban areas are meanwhile total
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organize activities and sports whic
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As the economy grows - Vietnam’s
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countries, the result is that lifes
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media”, like newspapers, take inf
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environmental functions cause costs
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Yes, the demand of public UGAs in i
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Such a master plan has to clarify t
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7 Summary As a booming city, Hanoi
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among both countries’ parks and V
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Reference ABKLAR, Mahdieh; KAMAL, M
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COCKERHAM, William; RUTTEN, A.; ABE
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GIDDENS, Anthony (1991). Modernity
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Department of Psychology, Universit
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LUONG, Le To; STEINGRUBE, Wilhelm (
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NGHIEM, Dao Ngoc (2011). Hanoi arch
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STOXPLUS (Financial Media Corporati
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VUONG, Tran Quoc (2000). Vietnamese
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TUYEN, Trương Hữu “Planting u
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Appendix 3: Gates’ location and t
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In 1985, the status of Lenin in 5.2
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Appendix 6: Counting sheet H
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Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Vietname
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Vietnamese version: https://docs.go
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EXPERT- F- 2012 13/09/2012 HANHLê
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ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit erkläre ich, da
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Publications 1
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