Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...

trees were not planted in rows while fences and other trimmings avoided following a
geometric layout.
In this century, the Britons first adapted the Chinese style and which was gradually
modulated so that the "landscape park" in the UK harmonised with the classic British
architecture. Later, the theory and practices of landscape art in Europe had great influence
on the development of the English landscape parks.
In France, the designs of new garden were influenced by the thoughts of Jean-Jacques
Rousseau (MAHE 2011). However, in France without breaking the old parks as in the UK,
the old style based on geometric symmetry was replaced in the 18th century with
meandering streams, small forests, caves, pyramids, paladin towers, and newly built ruined
Gothic structures. (THUY 1985: 23-24).
In the late 18th century, one of the earliest landscape parks in Germany, the Wörlitz Park,
which was designed following the English garden style, was open to public (WÖRLITZ
2012). Continuing this style, the English Garden in Munich became the second largest
public park in the world. “With its generous dimensions and constantly changing views of
park architecture and landscape features, with its enclosed spaces and the play of light and
shade, the English Garden is an outstanding example of a classical landscape garden”
(HOLZMUELLER/RAINER 2012).
Parks in the 18th century were filled with romantic elements designed to create emotional
changes. To express this intention, the garden architects used various topographies (e.g.
woodlands and forest), combined with ancient monuments or graves or ruins. If the natural
terrain was monotonous, then it would be changed to make it more pleasing and interesting.
Of course, the use of natural elements during this period was not similar to the use of the
sophisticated art of the ancient Chinese gardens. Rather, the 18th century gardens formed
the basis for the development of new styles which led to the public parks and gardens of
the next centuries.
2.1.3.2 19 th -century City Parks
Reviewing the matter of parks and gardens helps us to understand different styles and
usages of parks and gardens. However, the early gardens were not opened to everyone.
Nevertheless, in the 19th century, the city park appeared as a new trend. During this time,
parks were built within the city and became a vivid element in the structure of city planning
(MOC 1981).
The development of parks in cities was to serve the populace and this new function become
a complicated problem for the park designers who now had to pay attention to the different
needs of diverse groups of people. Parks were required to include new elements such as
sport sections and parking lots. Furthermore, before the 19th century, a park architect both
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