Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...

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objects. The gardens’ style was strictly architectural, as opposed to the natural contours of the geometric lines (THUY 1985: 18). In short gardens flourished in the period of the Renaissance (since the 16th century). The villa gardens in Rome (Italy) are typical representatives of this style. 2.1.2.3 Post-Medieval period The regular styling at the end of the medieval period was strictly geometric. The Versailles Park in France marked the peak of this geometric trend. The huge park was well structured on the largest scale (1700 ha) to create the impression of a natural landscape. The Versailles park, which can still be seen today, was the creation of the landscapearchitecture André Le Nôtre (in the third building campaign) (CHATEAUVERSAILLES 1996). He knew how to express the needs of society in his design. The Versailles park (see picture 2.2) represents the "greatness" of the autocratic absolute monarchy. Voluminous nature, deep perspective, the strict order of the park, along with the close relationship between the parts make Versailles unique. This park also represents and projects the infinite and immutable force of the king. The idea of the park was to improve on nature and to serve royal purposes. Picture 2.2: The Versailles Park, (in Paris, France) (own picture, taken in 2009). In the Medieval period, development of gardens was confined with garden art in palaces, but its value has remained until today. Those can still be seen at the closed Spanish gardens, which look bulky but beautiful by the balance of the French style. 2.1.3 Early modern period This period is featured by two types of parks i.e. landscape and city park. Landscape parks developed in the Western Europe in the 18th century and city parks developed in the Eastern Europe in the 19th century. 2.1.3.1 Landscape parks In 18th century Europe, parks were influenced by Chinese style in terms of natural aspects. The landscape parks were designed to project the peacefulness of the Chinese garden style. The harmony between the elements of water, rocks, trees and small architectural forms provided people with the feeling of being immersed in the heart of nature. For this reason 31
trees were not planted in rows while fences and other trimmings avoided following a geometric layout. In this century, the Britons first adapted the Chinese style and which was gradually modulated so that the "landscape park" in the UK harmonised with the classic British architecture. Later, the theory and practices of landscape art in Europe had great influence on the development of the English landscape parks. In France, the designs of new garden were influenced by the thoughts of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (MAHE 2011). However, in France without breaking the old parks as in the UK, the old style based on geometric symmetry was replaced in the 18th century with meandering streams, small forests, caves, pyramids, paladin towers, and newly built ruined Gothic structures. (THUY 1985: 23-24). In the late 18th century, one of the earliest landscape parks in Germany, the Wörlitz Park, which was designed following the English garden style, was open to public (WÖRLITZ 2012). Continuing this style, the English Garden in Munich became the second largest public park in the world. “With its generous dimensions and constantly changing views of park architecture and landscape features, with its enclosed spaces and the play of light and shade, the English Garden is an outstanding example of a classical landscape garden” (HOLZMUELLER/RAINER 2012). Parks in the 18th century were filled with romantic elements designed to create emotional changes. To express this intention, the garden architects used various topographies (e.g. woodlands and forest), combined with ancient monuments or graves or ruins. If the natural terrain was monotonous, then it would be changed to make it more pleasing and interesting. Of course, the use of natural elements during this period was not similar to the use of the sophisticated art of the ancient Chinese gardens. Rather, the 18th century gardens formed the basis for the development of new styles which led to the public parks and gardens of the next centuries. 2.1.3.2 19 th -century City Parks Reviewing the matter of parks and gardens helps us to understand different styles and usages of parks and gardens. However, the early gardens were not opened to everyone. Nevertheless, in the 19th century, the city park appeared as a new trend. During this time, parks were built within the city and became a vivid element in the structure of city planning (MOC 1981). The development of parks in cities was to serve the populace and this new function become a complicated problem for the park designers who now had to pay attention to the different needs of diverse groups of people. Parks were required to include new elements such as sport sections and parking lots. Furthermore, before the 19th century, a park architect both 32
Page 1 and 2: Urban Green Areas - their functions
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract………
Page 5 and 6: 2.4.3 Social benefits …………
Page 7 and 8: 4.4.3 Frequency and Length of stay
Page 9 and 10: Abstract Hanoi is a rapidly develop
Page 11 and 12: Abstrakt Hanoi ist eine expandieren
Page 13 and 14: Tóm tắt Hà Nội đang phát tr
Page 15 and 16: List of Figure: Figure 1.1: Implica
Page 17 and 18: (% of responding people)………
Page 19 and 20: List of Pictures Picture 1.1a: Tran
Page 21 and 22: n.n. Nov. No author November R- Rec
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 Hanoi - the city under study Vi
Page 25 and 26: Table 1.1: Climate indicators (2006
Page 27 and 28: The administrative organization and
Page 29 and 30: 1.2.1.4 Period 1964-1974 (see CHIEN
Page 31 and 32: 10 BACH THAO PARK HOAN KIEM PARK TH
Page 33 and 34: This “2020 Hanoi master plan” s
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.6: Organisation of Hanoi C
Page 37 and 38: After that Hanoi citizens become mo
Page 39 and 40: to predict the future demand of UGA
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.8: Sources of data Source:
Page 43 and 44: Observations are systematically pla
Page 45 and 46: (SUPPITAKSAKUL et al. 2006; VISSCHE
Page 47 and 48: esearch fields in developed countri
Page 49 and 50: 2 Urban green areas (UGAs) UGAS are
Page 51: 2.1.1.7 Ancient Roman gardens Those
Page 55 and 56: elements from earlier English, Fren
Page 57 and 58: In the early modern period, the spr
Page 59 and 60: esponsible administrative level, et
Page 61 and 62: As showing in the Figure 2.1, some
Page 63 and 64: and quantity of the available trees
Page 65 and 66: surround. That is most intensive fo
Page 67 and 68: First, rubbish accumulates in ill m
Page 69 and 70: There are several approaches to con
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.3: Publications about urban
Page 73 and 74: BINH 2012). In 1986, Vietnamese gov
Page 75 and 76: impact on the thinking and behaviou
Page 77 and 78: The resulting homogeneous social st
Page 79 and 80: for further understanding of lifest
Page 81 and 82: y religion, e.g.: catholic lifestyl
Page 83 and 84: some aspects of their lifestyle as
Page 85 and 86: low-income and immigrant communitie
Page 87 and 88: observe is activity of people. Ther
Page 89 and 90: eality, each activity is done to sa
Page 91 and 92: 4 Recent utilization of parks and g
Page 93 and 94: (% of the time) 70 60 50 40 30 20 1
Page 95 and 96: area (m 2 ) The collected data by t
Page 97 and 98: (% of the entire week) 4.1.5 Expert
Page 99 and 100: share of park users every hour 16%
Page 101 and 102: These findings can be understood by
Page 103 and 104:
Social statuses of the visitors mig
Page 105 and 106:
Others, 5.8% from work/ school/ uni
Page 107 and 108:
Share of means of transportation 10
Page 109 and 110:
Regarding the age of visitors it ca
Page 111 and 112:
less frequent park users are higher
Page 113 and 114:
People walking (13 % of observed ac
Page 115 and 116:
From the point of view of park user
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 4.25 shows the high priority
Page 119 and 120:
missing entertainment facilities. m
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4.5.2 Troubles / Disturbances It se
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5 Expected future demand of urban g
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ights (e.g. regarding urban plannin
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Picture 5.1 c: Skating (Own picture
Page 129 and 130:
But urban areas are meanwhile total
Page 131 and 132:
organize activities and sports whic
Page 133 and 134:
As the economy grows - Vietnam’s
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countries, the result is that lifes
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media”, like newspapers, take inf
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environmental functions cause costs
Page 141 and 142:
Yes, the demand of public UGAs in i
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Such a master plan has to clarify t
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7 Summary As a booming city, Hanoi
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among both countries’ parks and V
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Reference ABKLAR, Mahdieh; KAMAL, M
Page 151 and 152:
COCKERHAM, William; RUTTEN, A.; ABE
Page 153 and 154:
GIDDENS, Anthony (1991). Modernity
Page 155 and 156:
Department of Psychology, Universit
Page 157 and 158:
LUONG, Le To; STEINGRUBE, Wilhelm (
Page 159 and 160:
NGHIEM, Dao Ngoc (2011). Hanoi arch
Page 161 and 162:
STOXPLUS (Financial Media Corporati
Page 163 and 164:
VUONG, Tran Quoc (2000). Vietnamese
Page 165 and 166:
TUYEN, Trương Hữu “Planting u
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 3: Gates’ location and t
Page 169 and 170:
In 1985, the status of Lenin in 5.2
Page 171 and 172:
Appendix 6: Counting sheet H
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Vietname
Page 177:
Vietnamese version: https://docs.go
Page 182 and 183:
EXPERT- F- 2012 13/09/2012 HANHLê
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ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit erkläre ich, da
Page 186:
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Publications 1
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