Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...

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Regarding to structured observation, it is well recognized by its higher reliability and better comparability than unstructured observation. Nevertheless, this technique is required selective perception and not flexible. Therefore, it is recommended to have accurate trails or thorough information before planning observation. It is also worthy to note down as details as possible what happens beside the main objects. Mean while, unstructured observation is fine in preliminary phase or exploratory, because it is a “complete” perception which is “open for unexpected things”. Participatory observation, on the one hand, might show deeper understanding on the situation. On the other hand, received information is often affected on the situation. Furthermore, activities of the observer modify the original perception. Applying this technique, observer are doing double burden (namely, participation and perception). Therefore, the observer often has to delay recording. Thus, memory errors occurs during the process is unavoidable. In contrast, pro of non-participatory observation is having no impact from the observed objects. But because of no taking part, observer cannot understand the meaning or reasons under the phenomenon. This leads to misjudgment and over-interpretation. Besides, two techniques can be combined to bring about better results, e.g., covert observation and participatory observation, nown as “undercover” observation; or covert observation and non-participatory observation, nown as “ eyhole-method”. For the purpose of this study there were used all kinds of observations, beside laboratory observation. 1.4.3 Visitor counting Sometimes observations and countings are considered as separated techniques. But very often both techniques are combined: The quality of observations can be improved by additional countings. Counting the number of visitors at public places “can be very time consuming and resource-heavy” (GREE S ACE 1999: 1/13). There are several types of technical equipments to support counting operations and these include video cameras, light beam counters, radio beam counters or body heat detectors (see GREENSPACE 2011: 6; CHEN et al. 2011: 12-22). In general, the counting method used depends on what researches are looking for (see MUHAR et al. 2002: 3). Usually, counting is carried out for a defined time interval. Results can be averaged or stratified (GREENSPACE 2011: 4). Then this activity must be repeated several and in different times, different days, times of day, etc. Results can get an average count, or if we see too many differences between times, make stratified analysis. 23
(SUPPITAKSAKUL et al. 2006; VISSCHEDIJK/HENKENS 2002: 65; MASOUND/ PAPANIKOLOPOULOS 2011:2). "Managers and decision-makers often have only a vague understanding of their customers: how many they are … There is also a strong feeling in the sector that decision-makers do not always realise the large numbers of visits parks and green spaces receive" (GREENSPACE 2011: 2). Because the numbers of visits for parks in Hanoi are not available, we conducted our own surveys. In this study, research assistants were employed to count visitor numbers. The advantages of technical solutions for countings are: it works easily; counters require no experience and do not need extensive training. They collect precise data The disadvantages are: It is costly in terms of money and time Can be difficult in rush-hours when the frequency of visitors peaks Involves collecting and managing employees, especially in the early morning. 1.4.4 Surveys No doubt about how important survey method is in geography and many other social sciences. Regarding to target fields of information, this method acquires to seek for characteristic, behaviours and attitudes of people. The common tools of this method is a standardized “questionnaire, or survey to sample of individuals” ( CLAFFERTY 2003: 87). Surveys can be distinguished in questionings which are standardized completely and those which are unstructured, means not standardized (see Figure 1.10). The big advantage of standardization is the comparability of results from different surveys. The standardization is realized always by using a questionnaire which uses open and closed questions. Closed questions are fast to answer for the respondents and easy to analyze afterwards. Open questions offer the opportunity to gather all relevant aspects of the question. The main traditional survey has been done as a written survey and the questionnaires usually are sent to the respondents by post. The success of such a survey depends on many factors, but nevertheless the response rate is always very low. 24
Page 1 and 2: Urban Green Areas - their functions
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract………
Page 5 and 6: 2.4.3 Social benefits …………
Page 7 and 8: 4.4.3 Frequency and Length of stay
Page 9 and 10: Abstract Hanoi is a rapidly develop
Page 11 and 12: Abstrakt Hanoi ist eine expandieren
Page 13 and 14: Tóm tắt Hà Nội đang phát tr
Page 15 and 16: List of Figure: Figure 1.1: Implica
Page 17 and 18: (% of responding people)………
Page 19 and 20: List of Pictures Picture 1.1a: Tran
Page 21 and 22: n.n. Nov. No author November R- Rec
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 Hanoi - the city under study Vi
Page 25 and 26: Table 1.1: Climate indicators (2006
Page 27 and 28: The administrative organization and
Page 29 and 30: 1.2.1.4 Period 1964-1974 (see CHIEN
Page 31 and 32: 10 BACH THAO PARK HOAN KIEM PARK TH
Page 33 and 34: This “2020 Hanoi master plan” s
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.6: Organisation of Hanoi C
Page 37 and 38: After that Hanoi citizens become mo
Page 39 and 40: to predict the future demand of UGA
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.8: Sources of data Source:
Page 43: Observations are systematically pla
Page 47 and 48: esearch fields in developed countri
Page 49 and 50: 2 Urban green areas (UGAs) UGAS are
Page 51 and 52: 2.1.1.7 Ancient Roman gardens Those
Page 53 and 54: trees were not planted in rows whil
Page 55 and 56: elements from earlier English, Fren
Page 57 and 58: In the early modern period, the spr
Page 59 and 60: esponsible administrative level, et
Page 61 and 62: As showing in the Figure 2.1, some
Page 63 and 64: and quantity of the available trees
Page 65 and 66: surround. That is most intensive fo
Page 67 and 68: First, rubbish accumulates in ill m
Page 69 and 70: There are several approaches to con
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.3: Publications about urban
Page 73 and 74: BINH 2012). In 1986, Vietnamese gov
Page 75 and 76: impact on the thinking and behaviou
Page 77 and 78: The resulting homogeneous social st
Page 79 and 80: for further understanding of lifest
Page 81 and 82: y religion, e.g.: catholic lifestyl
Page 83 and 84: some aspects of their lifestyle as
Page 85 and 86: low-income and immigrant communitie
Page 87 and 88: observe is activity of people. Ther
Page 89 and 90: eality, each activity is done to sa
Page 91 and 92: 4 Recent utilization of parks and g
Page 93 and 94: (% of the time) 70 60 50 40 30 20 1
Page 95 and 96:
area (m 2 ) The collected data by t
Page 97 and 98:
(% of the entire week) 4.1.5 Expert
Page 99 and 100:
share of park users every hour 16%
Page 101 and 102:
These findings can be understood by
Page 103 and 104:
Social statuses of the visitors mig
Page 105 and 106:
Others, 5.8% from work/ school/ uni
Page 107 and 108:
Share of means of transportation 10
Page 109 and 110:
Regarding the age of visitors it ca
Page 111 and 112:
less frequent park users are higher
Page 113 and 114:
People walking (13 % of observed ac
Page 115 and 116:
From the point of view of park user
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 4.25 shows the high priority
Page 119 and 120:
missing entertainment facilities. m
Page 121 and 122:
4.5.2 Troubles / Disturbances It se
Page 123 and 124:
5 Expected future demand of urban g
Page 125 and 126:
ights (e.g. regarding urban plannin
Page 127 and 128:
Picture 5.1 c: Skating (Own picture
Page 129 and 130:
But urban areas are meanwhile total
Page 131 and 132:
organize activities and sports whic
Page 133 and 134:
As the economy grows - Vietnam’s
Page 135 and 136:
countries, the result is that lifes
Page 137 and 138:
media”, like newspapers, take inf
Page 139 and 140:
environmental functions cause costs
Page 141 and 142:
Yes, the demand of public UGAs in i
Page 143 and 144:
Such a master plan has to clarify t
Page 145 and 146:
7 Summary As a booming city, Hanoi
Page 147 and 148:
among both countries’ parks and V
Page 149 and 150:
Reference ABKLAR, Mahdieh; KAMAL, M
Page 151 and 152:
COCKERHAM, William; RUTTEN, A.; ABE
Page 153 and 154:
GIDDENS, Anthony (1991). Modernity
Page 155 and 156:
Department of Psychology, Universit
Page 157 and 158:
LUONG, Le To; STEINGRUBE, Wilhelm (
Page 159 and 160:
NGHIEM, Dao Ngoc (2011). Hanoi arch
Page 161 and 162:
STOXPLUS (Financial Media Corporati
Page 163 and 164:
VUONG, Tran Quoc (2000). Vietnamese
Page 165 and 166:
TUYEN, Trương Hữu “Planting u
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 3: Gates’ location and t
Page 169 and 170:
In 1985, the status of Lenin in 5.2
Page 171 and 172:
Appendix 6: Counting sheet H
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Vietname
Page 177:
Vietnamese version: https://docs.go
Page 182 and 183:
EXPERT- F- 2012 13/09/2012 HANHLê
Page 184 and 185:
ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit erkläre ich, da
Page 186:
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Publications 1
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