Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...
Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ... Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...
Secondly, those transitions were clearly shown through changes in parks’ utilization over time. Emperors’ gardens were private, used for relaxing and making poetry in the feudal time. In French colonization and shortly after independent periods, parks were often used by clerks and only a few people from the lower class for resting. In the contemporary time, park-users in Hanoi are dominated by students and retirees. However, the structure of park user covers well society structure. Nowadays Hanoi parks’ utilization is in abundance in terms of user numbers as well as activities. There are up to 11,507 visitors per day in big parks, for instance in Thong Nhat park. The course of the day shows high visitor frequencies early in the morning and late afternoon. These two peaks are dominated by adults and retired people doing exercises, while during the day mostly students and retirees use the parks & gardens. Besides, minority groups share the lower percentages of park users (e.g., sellers, high professionals, clerks and so on). In the course of the week, Sunday is the peak, because then more families and in particular more children use the UGAs. Most park users come to parks on foot. Due to its centrality, Hoan Kiem park has a high share of visitors arriving by bus. Apart from dominating students and retirees, there are some differences in structures of park user among the four parks. For instance, in Thong Nhat 50 % of users are workers; while in Lenin 37.5 % of them are retirees. The young park users often go with friends or colleagues, but they are in a low frequency group. In contrast, the retirees often go to parks alone, but daily. The length of stay depends on the width and interesting level of the park. Due to stress on space, there are several kinds of non-leisure activities in parks. Nevertheless, relaxation and sport & exercises are the two dominating kinds of activities. Hanoi parks are very poor in facilities. Face-to-face interviews with park visitors resulted in a long list of missing facilities in the parks. As the number of visitors will increase mid- and long-term, the parks will be under a higher pressure and the number of conflicts among user groups will rise, too. Therefore, based on th stocktaking of current situation of inner Hanoi’s parks, eight recommendations for future development and management of the parks have been derived. UGAs are gaining attention from the world researches, for example: In England and Germany, parks are for different purposes with more or less users’ rights (football, BBQ, area for dog and so on) (SOUTHWARK); In Singapore and Australia – Singapore is garden cities, while Australia has equipped parks. Are they the good pattern for Hanoi parks? There are similarities 125
among both countries’ parks and Vietnam: Singapore is so green (SOMMER 2011) as many cities wish and Australia parks have high demand on sport (MCHALE 2011). It seems parks in Vietnam recently are a step behind in planning and equipment. However, the important question is whether the parks serve the populace demands well or not. In the chase for modern design and theory, we forget the centre of the issues - the human. Many new theories are launched, e.g., urban compact in 1990s Sweden to save energy for heating, skyscraper in New York to save the ground, garden city or village-city to save the environment and so on. But the goal should be sustainable development where human being always stays in the centre of the focus. This study fulfilled this goal when it took into account the residents’ demand on parks and how they use the parks for designing and planning. Plans and designs should not be copied wholely from somewhere nicely succeeded to apply rudely to Vietnam’s or Hanoi’s situation. Therefore, as THOPSON (2002) mentioned, sustainable urban designing allows every feature and member of a place to develop based on each other. This way of designing uses “the imagination of many people to bring energy and commitment” to the place. Also by exchanging ideas of the local people and people from other places, new values will be created for the life of residents, for example: “nature, individuality, common purpose, cultural connection and invention”. These values lead us to “collective responsibilities to the Earth, to each other and to those who will follow” (THOPSON 2002: n.p). Good designs for well functioning places help us to keep track of who we are and where we fit within a lager system of relationship. This is a necessary part of creating cities by longterm effects and will go on to develop through generations. Finally, a good park management can only meet the needs of the population if there is a planning procedure in which strong participatory features is established. The on-going management activities might be easier to handle by the so-called “partnering” approach. Public bodies in Hanoi should learn from these concepts. 126
- Page 95 and 96: area (m 2 ) The collected data by t
- Page 97 and 98: (% of the entire week) 4.1.5 Expert
- Page 99 and 100: share of park users every hour 16%
- Page 101 and 102: These findings can be understood by
- Page 103 and 104: Social statuses of the visitors mig
- Page 105 and 106: Others, 5.8% from work/ school/ uni
- Page 107 and 108: Share of means of transportation 10
- Page 109 and 110: Regarding the age of visitors it ca
- Page 111 and 112: less frequent park users are higher
- Page 113 and 114: People walking (13 % of observed ac
- Page 115 and 116: From the point of view of park user
- Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.25 shows the high priority
- Page 119 and 120: missing entertainment facilities. m
- Page 121 and 122: 4.5.2 Troubles / Disturbances It se
- Page 123 and 124: 5 Expected future demand of urban g
- Page 125 and 126: ights (e.g. regarding urban plannin
- Page 127 and 128: Picture 5.1 c: Skating (Own picture
- Page 129 and 130: But urban areas are meanwhile total
- Page 131 and 132: organize activities and sports whic
- Page 133 and 134: As the economy grows - Vietnam’s
- Page 135 and 136: countries, the result is that lifes
- Page 137 and 138: media”, like newspapers, take inf
- Page 139 and 140: environmental functions cause costs
- Page 141 and 142: Yes, the demand of public UGAs in i
- Page 143 and 144: Such a master plan has to clarify t
- Page 145: 7 Summary As a booming city, Hanoi
- Page 149 and 150: Reference ABKLAR, Mahdieh; KAMAL, M
- Page 151 and 152: COCKERHAM, William; RUTTEN, A.; ABE
- Page 153 and 154: GIDDENS, Anthony (1991). Modernity
- Page 155 and 156: Department of Psychology, Universit
- Page 157 and 158: LUONG, Le To; STEINGRUBE, Wilhelm (
- Page 159 and 160: NGHIEM, Dao Ngoc (2011). Hanoi arch
- Page 161 and 162: STOXPLUS (Financial Media Corporati
- Page 163 and 164: VUONG, Tran Quoc (2000). Vietnamese
- Page 165 and 166: TUYEN, Trương Hữu “Planting u
- Page 167 and 168: Appendix 3: Gates’ location and t
- Page 169 and 170: In 1985, the status of Lenin in 5.2
- Page 171 and 172: Appendix 6: Counting sheet H
- Page 173 and 174: Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Vietname
- Page 177: Vietnamese version: https://docs.go
- Page 182 and 183: EXPERT- F- 2012 13/09/2012 HANHLê
- Page 184 and 185: ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit erkläre ich, da
- Page 186: LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Publications 1
among both countries’ parks and Vietnam: Singapore is so green (SOMMER 2011)<br />
as many cities wish and Australia parks have high demand on sport (MCHALE<br />
2011).<br />
It seems parks in Vietnam recently are a step behind in planning and equipment. However,<br />
the important question is whether the parks serve the populace demands well or not. In the<br />
chase for modern design and theory, we forget the centre <strong>of</strong> the issues - the human.<br />
Many new theories are launched, e.g., urban compact in 1990s Sweden to save energy for<br />
heating, skyscraper in New York to save the ground, garden city or village-city to save the<br />
environment and so on. But the goal should be sustainable development where human<br />
being always stays in the centre <strong>of</strong> the focus. This study fulfilled this goal when it took into<br />
account the residents’ demand on parks and how they use the parks for designing and<br />
planning. Plans and designs should not be copied wholely from somewhere nicely<br />
succeeded to apply rudely to Vietnam’s or Hanoi’s situation.<br />
Therefore, as THOPSON (2002) mentioned, sustainable urban designing allows every<br />
feature and member <strong>of</strong> a place to develop based on each other. This way <strong>of</strong> designing uses<br />
“the imagination <strong>of</strong> many people to bring energy and commitment” to the place. Also by<br />
ex<strong>changing</strong> ideas <strong>of</strong> the local people and people from other places, new values will be<br />
created for the life <strong>of</strong> residents, for example: “nature, individuality, common purpose,<br />
cultural connection and invention”. These values lead us to “collective responsibilities to<br />
the Earth, to each other and to those who will follow” (THOPSON 2002: n.p). Good<br />
designs for well functioning places help us to keep track <strong>of</strong> who we are and where we fit<br />
within a lager system <strong>of</strong> relationship. This is a necessary part <strong>of</strong> creating cities by longterm<br />
effects and will go on to develop through generations.<br />
Finally, a good park management can only meet the needs <strong>of</strong> the population if there is a<br />
planning procedure in which strong participatory features is established. The on-going<br />
management activities might be easier to handle by the so-called “partnering” approach.<br />
Public bodies in Hanoi should learn from these concepts.<br />
126
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