Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...

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Hanoi is also growing rapidly – by area as well as by population – and this expansion is happening at the fringes. Several new housing areas have been constructed in the last few years and several more are going to be built in the near future. These new areas are well equipped with green spaces and their population will not use the UGAs in the center very often. The population of inner-city Hanoi is also growing, but not very quickly, because it is already high density. Furthermore, the master plan of city development indicates that the majority of the population are to be distributed to satellite urban areas. Therefore, it will not be a large expansion of population in the inner city. Thus, the future demand of UGAs in the center of Hanoi has less to focus on the total size of relevant population, but on the structure of the population in the catchment area of the parks. The dominant population groups in parks are currently young people up to the age of 30 (see chapter 4.1.3). This is because this age group is also the largest in the entire population of Hanoi. The rate of natural population growth of the city is stable at about 1.2 % (in 2001 and 1.19 % in 2010). As a consequence, in the medium-term there will be the same number of children - as potential park users - as in the last decade. But it is to be expected that Vietnam will very soon follow the demographic transition of developed countries, meaning there will be a sharply decreasing birth rate; and that means a lack of young park users in the long term. However, the currently large group of 15-29 year-olds will become older. There is no indication that these now young people will not reflect the behaviour of the older people as they have been currently observed: Elderly people like very much to use parks, to visit parks very often (daily) and to stay there for a very long time (see chapter 4.4.3 and table 4.8). As a consequence, in the long term (after 20, or at the latest 30 years) old people will dominate as park users much more strongly than today due to the demographic structure. And because of their much more intensive usage of parks (daily and longer stays) an extremely large increase in demand can be predicted. In the long run, elderly people will dominate society because they will be quantitatively the largest age group. Thus their demands and interests need to be satisfied. As the social structure will also change quickly, there will be many more single households, and many elderly people will have to live alone (see for instance the current development in China: YANG 2009). It is a challenge for society to ensure that these people still feel involved in society. Elderly people focus very much on their family. A study (HOANG 2011) dealing with elderly people in rural areas shows that this group today still feel well involved: 27 % daily meet their relatives (52 % at least once a week). The traditional morality of the Vietnamese family still seems to be preserved in rural areas. 107
But urban areas are meanwhile totally different regarding lifestyles: It is not as homogeneous as in rural areas. Due to globalization and rapid growth of the mega-cities, urban people face totally new and different challenges. They have to adapt their life to these conditions. On the one hand, these people are much more open minded, their relationships are individual and independent (HUYNH 2011), but on the other hand they adapt to an international lifestyle and they often lose the traditionally securing structure of a large family. “During recent years, the appearance of and rise in families without children have been one of the factors that decline average household size” (BINH 2011: 50). The average household size in Hanoi decreased from 3.9 (UNSD 2012: 7/12) down to 3.4 (LE 2013: 5). During their busy working life, they might not need the traditional structure, but when they retire they suddenly have to face the disadvantages: Loneliness, in particular when a spouse dies. One simple but powerful way to help is to offer sufficient public space where people can meet and communicate with other people. In this way, loneliness of elderly people can be avoided and their social integration facilitated. 5.2 Common social change Any society changes permanently. But sometimes the changes are faster and stronger than expected due to strong and fundamental changes in economy and political framework. This happened to Vietnam’s society during the last decades (see chapter 3.1): Vietnam opened up politically (initiated by “doi moi” 1986) and is now fully integrated in the process of globalization. 5.2.1 Increasing amount of leisure time In the beginning, the population had to face new challenges: stronger economic competition, but also more options and possibilities. People had to focus primarily on their “economic life”. Total working hours per week in Vietnam did not change since the labor law of 1994 until the newest law of 2005. Following those, the total number of working hours per week is 48 hours (TSNAIRPORT 2012). However, since 2000, many government officers and companies reduce Saturday afternoon or the whole of Saturday by plus one working hour every week working days. Social legislation also follows international standards: The older people are, the more free time they have, officially. In article 75, Chapter VIII, Vietnamese labor law 2005, “The number of days of annual leave shall be increased according to seniority, to work in a business or an employer who, every five years gains an additional rest day” (TSNAIRPORT 2012). 108
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Urban Green Areas - their functions
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TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract………
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2.4.3 Social benefits …………
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4.4.3 Frequency and Length of stay
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Abstract Hanoi is a rapidly develop
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Abstrakt Hanoi ist eine expandieren
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Tóm tắt Hà Nội đang phát tr
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List of Figure: Figure 1.1: Implica
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(% of responding people)………
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List of Pictures Picture 1.1a: Tran
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n.n. Nov. No author November R- Rec
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1.1 Hanoi - the city under study Vi
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Table 1.1: Climate indicators (2006
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The administrative organization and
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1.2.1.4 Period 1964-1974 (see CHIEN
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10 BACH THAO PARK HOAN KIEM PARK TH
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This “2020 Hanoi master plan” s
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Figure 1.6: Organisation of Hanoi C
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After that Hanoi citizens become mo
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to predict the future demand of UGA
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Figure 1.8: Sources of data Source:
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Observations are systematically pla
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(SUPPITAKSAKUL et al. 2006; VISSCHE
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esearch fields in developed countri
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2 Urban green areas (UGAs) UGAS are
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2.1.1.7 Ancient Roman gardens Those
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trees were not planted in rows whil
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elements from earlier English, Fren
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In the early modern period, the spr
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esponsible administrative level, et
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As showing in the Figure 2.1, some
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and quantity of the available trees
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surround. That is most intensive fo
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First, rubbish accumulates in ill m
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There are several approaches to con
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Table 2.3: Publications about urban
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BINH 2012). In 1986, Vietnamese gov
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impact on the thinking and behaviou
Page 77 and 78: The resulting homogeneous social st
Page 79 and 80: for further understanding of lifest
Page 81 and 82: y religion, e.g.: catholic lifestyl
Page 83 and 84: some aspects of their lifestyle as
Page 85 and 86: low-income and immigrant communitie
Page 87 and 88: observe is activity of people. Ther
Page 89 and 90: eality, each activity is done to sa
Page 91 and 92: 4 Recent utilization of parks and g
Page 93 and 94: (% of the time) 70 60 50 40 30 20 1
Page 95 and 96: area (m 2 ) The collected data by t
Page 97 and 98: (% of the entire week) 4.1.5 Expert
Page 99 and 100: share of park users every hour 16%
Page 101 and 102: These findings can be understood by
Page 103 and 104: Social statuses of the visitors mig
Page 105 and 106: Others, 5.8% from work/ school/ uni
Page 107 and 108: Share of means of transportation 10
Page 109 and 110: Regarding the age of visitors it ca
Page 111 and 112: less frequent park users are higher
Page 113 and 114: People walking (13 % of observed ac
Page 115 and 116: From the point of view of park user
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.25 shows the high priority
Page 119 and 120: missing entertainment facilities. m
Page 121 and 122: 4.5.2 Troubles / Disturbances It se
Page 123 and 124: 5 Expected future demand of urban g
Page 125 and 126: ights (e.g. regarding urban plannin
Page 127: Picture 5.1 c: Skating (Own picture
Page 131 and 132: organize activities and sports whic
Page 133 and 134: As the economy grows - Vietnam’s
Page 135 and 136: countries, the result is that lifes
Page 137 and 138: media”, like newspapers, take inf
Page 139 and 140: environmental functions cause costs
Page 141 and 142: Yes, the demand of public UGAs in i
Page 143 and 144: Such a master plan has to clarify t
Page 145 and 146: 7 Summary As a booming city, Hanoi
Page 147 and 148: among both countries’ parks and V
Page 149 and 150: Reference ABKLAR, Mahdieh; KAMAL, M
Page 151 and 152: COCKERHAM, William; RUTTEN, A.; ABE
Page 153 and 154: GIDDENS, Anthony (1991). Modernity
Page 155 and 156: Department of Psychology, Universit
Page 157 and 158: LUONG, Le To; STEINGRUBE, Wilhelm (
Page 159 and 160: NGHIEM, Dao Ngoc (2011). Hanoi arch
Page 161 and 162: STOXPLUS (Financial Media Corporati
Page 163 and 164: VUONG, Tran Quoc (2000). Vietnamese
Page 165 and 166: TUYEN, Trương Hữu “Planting u
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 3: Gates’ location and t
Page 169 and 170: In 1985, the status of Lenin in 5.2
Page 171 and 172: Appendix 6: Counting sheet H
Page 173 and 174: Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Vietname
Page 177: Vietnamese version: https://docs.go
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EXPERT- F- 2012 13/09/2012 HANHLê
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ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit erkläre ich, da
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