Urban Green Areas – their functions under a changing lifestyle of ...

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Furthermore, parks & gardens land belongs to public owners. That means people can use parts of a park much easier than private land. For example, in Thong Nhat or Bach Thao park, pieces of land have been taken for parking lots or entertainment services which do not exist in the original plans. In this way, parks are losing their areas through ‘soft conversion’. In other words, they are changing the land-use purpose piece by piece. This phenomenon can happen in Vietnam due to its low transparency, especially in land-use management. Indeed, in transparency rankings in 2010 (LASALLE 2010: 5), Vietnam remained in position 76 out of 81 countries. Economic situation in society as well as on a personal level: Visiting public parks is nearly the only leisure activity free of charges in urban areas. All other activities require equipment or incur entrance fees. Therefore poorer people spend their leisure time primarily in public parks. The possibility to stay mostly “at home” is not a realistic alternative because it is precisely this social group which has the worst accommodation due to rental charges. So, if economic development creates a higher number of “middle-class” people (see LESHKOWICH 2012: 101) the demand for UGAs will increase. But also if the economy is doing well and most people receive a sufficient income, the need for UGAs rises. This is because people like to undertake more outdoor leisure activities and that requires more space; regarding current outdoor activities for instance, badminton, football, skateboarding or dancing, see picture 5.1 (a,b,c,d). This means that, independent of economic development, there will be a growing demand for more public space. Picture 5.1 a: Playing badminton (Own pictures, 2011, Lenin park) Picture 5.1 b: Playing football (Own pictures, 2011, Lenin park) 105
Picture 5.1 c: Skating (Own pictures, 2011, Thong Nhat park) Picture 5.1 d: Dancing (Own pictures, 2011, Thong Nhat park) Besides these aspects which have just been mentioned briefly and whose development is very difficult to predict, there are three large and important spheres of influence which shape the future demand of UGAs: population growth and demographic change common social change and personal lifestyles of local people. These three topics will be discussed now in more detail. 5.1 Population growth and demographic change The most important determinant of the demand of UGAs is the number of park users and that depends primarily on the total population. The annual average population growth in Vietnam is about 2% and figure 5.3 shows that the country is very “young” which means that population growth will continue in the next decades. Figure 5.3: Vietnam’s population 1999, 2009 and 2011 Sources: GSO (2010, 2011) 106
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Urban Green Areas - their functions
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TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract………
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2.4.3 Social benefits …………
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4.4.3 Frequency and Length of stay
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Abstract Hanoi is a rapidly develop
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Abstrakt Hanoi ist eine expandieren
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Tóm tắt Hà Nội đang phát tr
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List of Figure: Figure 1.1: Implica
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(% of responding people)………
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List of Pictures Picture 1.1a: Tran
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n.n. Nov. No author November R- Rec
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1.1 Hanoi - the city under study Vi
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Table 1.1: Climate indicators (2006
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The administrative organization and
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1.2.1.4 Period 1964-1974 (see CHIEN
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10 BACH THAO PARK HOAN KIEM PARK TH
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This “2020 Hanoi master plan” s
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Figure 1.6: Organisation of Hanoi C
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After that Hanoi citizens become mo
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to predict the future demand of UGA
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Figure 1.8: Sources of data Source:
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Observations are systematically pla
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(SUPPITAKSAKUL et al. 2006; VISSCHE
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esearch fields in developed countri
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2 Urban green areas (UGAs) UGAS are
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2.1.1.7 Ancient Roman gardens Those
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trees were not planted in rows whil
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elements from earlier English, Fren
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In the early modern period, the spr
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esponsible administrative level, et
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As showing in the Figure 2.1, some
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and quantity of the available trees
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surround. That is most intensive fo
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First, rubbish accumulates in ill m
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There are several approaches to con
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Table 2.3: Publications about urban
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BINH 2012). In 1986, Vietnamese gov
Page 75 and 76: impact on the thinking and behaviou
Page 77 and 78: The resulting homogeneous social st
Page 79 and 80: for further understanding of lifest
Page 81 and 82: y religion, e.g.: catholic lifestyl
Page 83 and 84: some aspects of their lifestyle as
Page 85 and 86: low-income and immigrant communitie
Page 87 and 88: observe is activity of people. Ther
Page 89 and 90: eality, each activity is done to sa
Page 91 and 92: 4 Recent utilization of parks and g
Page 93 and 94: (% of the time) 70 60 50 40 30 20 1
Page 95 and 96: area (m 2 ) The collected data by t
Page 97 and 98: (% of the entire week) 4.1.5 Expert
Page 99 and 100: share of park users every hour 16%
Page 101 and 102: These findings can be understood by
Page 103 and 104: Social statuses of the visitors mig
Page 105 and 106: Others, 5.8% from work/ school/ uni
Page 107 and 108: Share of means of transportation 10
Page 109 and 110: Regarding the age of visitors it ca
Page 111 and 112: less frequent park users are higher
Page 113 and 114: People walking (13 % of observed ac
Page 115 and 116: From the point of view of park user
Page 117 and 118: Figure 4.25 shows the high priority
Page 119 and 120: missing entertainment facilities. m
Page 121 and 122: 4.5.2 Troubles / Disturbances It se
Page 123 and 124: 5 Expected future demand of urban g
Page 125: ights (e.g. regarding urban plannin
Page 129 and 130: But urban areas are meanwhile total
Page 131 and 132: organize activities and sports whic
Page 133 and 134: As the economy grows - Vietnam’s
Page 135 and 136: countries, the result is that lifes
Page 137 and 138: media”, like newspapers, take inf
Page 139 and 140: environmental functions cause costs
Page 141 and 142: Yes, the demand of public UGAs in i
Page 143 and 144: Such a master plan has to clarify t
Page 145 and 146: 7 Summary As a booming city, Hanoi
Page 147 and 148: among both countries’ parks and V
Page 149 and 150: Reference ABKLAR, Mahdieh; KAMAL, M
Page 151 and 152: COCKERHAM, William; RUTTEN, A.; ABE
Page 153 and 154: GIDDENS, Anthony (1991). Modernity
Page 155 and 156: Department of Psychology, Universit
Page 157 and 158: LUONG, Le To; STEINGRUBE, Wilhelm (
Page 159 and 160: NGHIEM, Dao Ngoc (2011). Hanoi arch
Page 161 and 162: STOXPLUS (Financial Media Corporati
Page 163 and 164: VUONG, Tran Quoc (2000). Vietnamese
Page 165 and 166: TUYEN, Trương Hữu “Planting u
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 3: Gates’ location and t
Page 169 and 170: In 1985, the status of Lenin in 5.2
Page 171 and 172: Appendix 6: Counting sheet H
Page 173 and 174: Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Vietname
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Vietnamese version: https://docs.go
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EXPERT- F- 2012 13/09/2012 HANHLê
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ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit erkläre ich, da
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