Literature on air pollution and lichens XXXI

Lichenologist 22(2): 173-181 (1990)
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS
XXXI*
A. HENDERSON^
Albrecht, N. J. (1989) Temporal variation in the elements of three lichen species of Voyageurs
National Park, Minnesota. American Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 3. [Abstract only
of a paper presented at the 1989 Meeting of the Botanical Society of America and the
Canadian Botanical Association, held in Toronto, Canada, 6—10 August, 1989. Few if any
seasonal changes occurred in P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Na, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd and S
contents in Cladina rangiferina, Parmelia sulcata, and Evernia prunastri collected monthly.
Differences in several elements were not correlated with weather or wet deposition data.]
Andel, P. (1987) Hodnoceni cistoty ovzdusi na Sumave pomoci lisejniku. [Air purity evaluation
using lichens in Sumava Mountains.] Sutnava, Vimperk et Susice 26: 2-3. [Lichen bioindication
of air quality in the Sumava mountain region.]
Andersson, L. & Appelqvist, T. (1987) Lunglav och almlav, indikatorer pa vardefull lovskog.
Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 81: 185-194. [Lobana pulmonaria was found in 33 localities,
Gyalecta ulmi in 35, of 1250 deciduous southwestern Swedish woodlands, at half the sites
on only one tree. Lobana pulmonaria is an excellent, easily noted indicator of unspoiled
woodland.]
Arndt, U., Bartholmess, H. & Schluter, C. (1986) Bioindikatoren und ihr Einsatz in
Waldschadensgebieten. Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift 1986: 3-5. [Review description and
discussion of work applying active and passive methods of bioindication to the study of
forest decline in the Swabian-Frankonian and Black Forest regions. Details of lichen
monitoring projects in the area.]
Arup, U., Ekman, S., Frdberg, L., Knutsson, T. & Mattson, J.-E. (1989) Changes in the
lichen flora on Romeleklint. Graphis Scripta 2: 148-155. [Almost all non-acid-tolerant
lichens have disappeared from this high southern Swedish peak, where pH data show
extensive acidification over the last two decades, due in large part to sulphur and nitrogen
oxide deposition. List of 77 species with pH classifications. 'Through continued investigations
like these, it may be possible to findout which silicolous lichen species are sensitive
to acidification.']
Bartholmess, H. (1989) Untersuchungen iiber den Zusammenhang zwischen Flechtenvegetation,
Immissionsbelastung und Waldschaden in Baden-Wurttemberg. Forstwissenschaftliches
Centralblatt 108: 188-196. [Investigations in selected woodlands of
Baden-Wiirtemberg into the relationships between forest decline and lichen diversity and
quality in areas remote from urban conglomerations. In the Swabian-Frankonian Forest
lichens show obvious air pollution effects. In the Black Forest, effects, though demonstrable,
are less distinct due to interactions of climate, topography and air pollution.]
Bartholmess, H. & John, E. (1986) Flechten: lebende Anzeiger Bioindikatoren fur die Qualitdt der
Luft (Lupenvergrosserung). Stuttgart: Verlag Stephanie Naglschmid. [Lichen indication
card issued in conjunction with explanatory leaflet, directing the user to the same authors'
book, Luflqualitat Selbst Bestimmt—Flechtenkartierung (1986) in the series Aktiv fur die
Natur (Stuttgart: Verlag Stephanie Naglschmid).]
Bartholmess, H., Hanisch-Lugtenburg, A., Arndt, U. & Wirth, V. (1987) Passives Monitoring
mit Flechten im Waldschadensgebiet Schwabisch-Frankischer Wald. VD1 Berichte
609: 597-618. [Detailed account with diagrams and tabulation of data from
a passive monitoring programme established in 1984 in the Swabian-Frankonian
Forest. See Bartholmess (1989) above.]
Bartok, K. (1988) Heavy metal distribution in several lichen species in a polluted area. Revue
Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Biologic Vege'tale 33: 127-134. [Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn
*XXX in Lichenologist 21: 369-378 (1989)
^Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
0024-2829/90/020173 + 09 $03.00/0 © 1990 The British Lichen Society

174 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.22
accumulations were studied in corticolous Parmelia conspersa and Lecanora subfusca and
terricolous Peltigera canina transplanted up- and downstream from a control beech forest in
the Aries Valley. Zn and Cu accumulations were highest in P. conspersa. Largest accumulations
were of Pb (2500 p.p.m. in P. conspersa). Heavy metal accumulation decreased with
distance from source, but Mn levels were highest in controls, with minimum values in
highest polluted spots. Some seasonality is suggested in accumulation ratios.]
Bartok, K. (1989) Reflecta oare lichenii stabilitatea si viabilitatea padurilor? [Do lichens reflect the
stability and viability of forests?] Revista Padurilor 104: 69-72. [In polluted beech forest in
Firiza Valley four lichen species were found, including toxitolerant Bacidia chlorococca;
while an unpolluted forest had 47 species. Table of distribution for 57 taxa of the region.
Background and recent historical details and discussion.]
Blanchard, R. L. & Kearney, J. W. (1967) Natural radioactivity and " 7 Cs in Alaskan caribou and
reindeer samples. Environmental Science and Technology 1:932-939. [Includes discussion of
21 "Po and 210 Pb concentrations in lichens and reindeer rumen.]
Boonpragob, K., Nash III, T. H. & Fox, C. A. (1989) Seasonal deposition patterns of acidic ions
and ammonium to the lichen Ramalina menziesii Tayl. in southern California. Environmental
and Experimental Botany 29: 187-197. [Water-leachable ions from Ramalina menziesii
were used as indicators of seasonal deposition at a polluted and a control site. Highest
accumulation levels occurred at the end of extended summer droughts. Leachable NO, was
always the ion in highest concentration. In summer all ions except Cl were higher at the
polluted site.]
Broad, K. (1989) Lichens in Southern Woodlands. Forestry Commission Handbook 4. 48 pp.
London: H.M.S.O. [Pages 28-36 of this attractive handbook constitute a brief introduction
to lichen indication of some common air pollutants.]
Cameron, R. E. (1972) Pollution and conservation of the Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem. In
Conservation Problems in Antarctica (R. C. Parker, ed.): 267-305. Blacksburg: Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University. [Table 6 includes lichens among microbiota
eliminated by varied site disruption in the Antarctic. Background information on the
dangers and nature of such disruptive human activities.]
Centre de Documentation sur le Milieu Naturel (1989) Affiche 'Lichens et Qualite de VAir en
Haute-Normandie, France.' Rouen: Centre de Documentation sur le Milieu Naturel.
[Poster on air pollution and lichens to accompany a film and publications issued by the
C.D.M.N. as part of their research programme over the last 15 years. See note in
International LichenologicalNewsletter (1989) 22: 37.]
Davies, F. B. M. & Notcutt, G. (1989) Accumulation of volcanogenic fluorides by lichens.
Fluoride 22: 59-65. [Xanthoriaparietina and Stereocaulon vesuvianum on La Palma, Canary
Isles, were analysed for fluoride, and data compared with those from Etna lichens, as
magnitude and duration of eruption contrast so strongly in the two areas. La Palma lichens
show relatively high accumulation from minor eruptions.]
Earland-Bennett, P. (1989) City Diary: London. British Lichen Society Bulletin 65: 11-12.
[Stereocaulon vesuvianum var. symphycheileoides is among lichens recorded from Kew and
Chelsea. Thirty species, 13 of them epiphytic, are recorded from Battersea Park.]
Eitschberger, W. (1984) Untersuchungen an epiphytischen Flechten in Athen im Zusammenhang mit
den stadtokologischen Verhdltnissen: Vegetationskundliche Gliederung, Schadstoffanreicherung
und Photosynthesebeeinflussung. Doctorate Thesis, Julius-Maximilians-University,
Wiirzburg. [Lichen-air pollution study of the Athens basin. Zonal mapping; of
260 km 2 ,67° 0 is considered'lichen desert'and 18°,, 'struggle zone'. Pb,Cu and S accumulations
and CO 2 exchange were investigated in Evernia prunastri and Anaptychia ciliaris
transplants.]
Ertel, J., Maier, M., Gnittke, J. & Steubing, L. (1987) Blei- und Cadmiumbelastung des
Naturscutzgebietes Liineberger Heide. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie 16:
305-309. [Concentration of Pb were greater in lichens and mosses than in higher plants in
this study of Pb and Cd and of heavy metal input in soils, plants and animals of a heath
ecosystem. Figures for Pb and Cd in Cladonia impexa.]
Faensen-Thiebes, A. (1987) Lassen sich die Ursachen fur die Vegetationsschaden in Ballungsgebieten
mit Hilfe von Bioindikatoren klaren? Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie
16: 175-180. [Study of increasing decline in trees of West Berlin. Lichens were among the
indicators employed in assessing the effects of the city's variety of pollutants.]

1990 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 175
Fiol, L. A. (1983) Estudi d'una formacio microedafica a l'habitacio urbana de Palma de Mallorca.
Bolleti de la Societal d'Historia Natural de les Balears 29:37-62. [Analysis of a microedaphic
formation on corrugated tile roofs and Zn guttering of urban buildings in Palma de
Mallorca, a substratum for inter alia lichens. Mineralogical contents, grain size, substratum
pH and rain muddiness are among factors examined.]
Fiol, L. A. (1984) Estudio liquenico de la habitacion urbana de Palma de Mallorca. Anales de
Biologia 1 (Seccion Especial 1): 237-243. [Study of lichens on buildings and monuments in
Palma de Mallorca. Of 51 species recorded, 90° o are crustose and 18 species are considered
notably tolerant of or resistant to the urban ambience.]
Galun, M. & Roven, R. (1989) Interaction of lichens and pollutants. In Handbook of Lichenology
(M. Galun, ed.): 55-72. Boca Raton, Florida: C.R.C. Press, Inc. [Reviews work
on lichen-pollutant interactions under the headings: ecosystem alteration and mapping,
transplantation, morphological and cytological changes, metabolic and other processes
affected by pollution, and element uptake and accumulation (S, heavy metals and radionuclides).]
Gee, H. (1989) London's green tide. World Magazine 1989(11): 6-12. [Popular note on lichen
reinvasion of London.]
Gerhardt-Dircksen, A. & Hippe, A. (1988) Untersuchungen zur epiphytischen Flechtenvegetation
der Stadt Bielefeld. In Beitrage zur Flechtenkunde in Nordzuestdeutschland (W.
Grooten & E. Woelm, eds) [Arbeitsberichte 13]: 49—54 Miinster: Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Angewandte Geographie Miinster e.V. [5-zonal lichen-air pollution map of the region based
on the lichens of trees, predominantly apple. Discussion and data.]
Gilbert, O. L. (1989a) The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Chapman and Hall: London and New
York. [Contains several detailed comments on the status, poleotolerance and performance of
lichens in urban situations.]
Gilbert, O. L. (19896) The greenhouse effect and lichens. British Lichen Society Bulletin 65: 1-5.
['What does a warmer future hold for the British lichen flora?' Suggested possibilities
are: migration northwards of certain species; extinction of arctic and boreal species with
southern limits now in northern Britain; establishment of some sub-Mediterranean and
southern species unrecorded in Britain except for the Channel and Scilly Isles; and a less
spectacular overall shift of balance in species already present.]
Glime, J. M. & Iwatsuki, Z. (1989) Steam vent vegetation: Survival of the smallest. American
Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 7. [Abstract only of a conference paper. See Albrecht
(1989) above for details. Lichens were among plant communities sampled to study restrictions
imposed on vegetation by high temperature and humidity, noxious gases and low pH
levels near geothermal vents. 'Being small, especially with little underground biomass, is a
requisite of survival of high sub-surface temperatures in this habitat.']
Hallingback, T. (1989) Occurrence and ecology of the lichen Lobaria scrobiculata in southern
Sweden. Lichenologist 21: 331-341. [Thorough investigation of 50 out of 300 pre-1950
localities with Lobaria scrobiculata in southern Sweden confirmed its presence at only two.
In general population and thallus size are now lower, as is fertility. The species is confined to
regions of low air pollution and high humidity; air pollution is its greatest current danger.]
Hawksworth, D. L. & McManus, P. M. (1989a) Lichen recolonization in London (UK) under
conditions of rapidly falling sulphur dioxide levels, and the concept of zone skipping.
Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 100: 99-110. [Lichens on trees and wood were
studied in 50 north-west London sites. Evernia prunastri and Ramalinafannacea now occur
in many central London parks; Parmelia caperata was found at 12 sites. Although species of
zone 6-7 had penetrated central London, a zone 4-5 assemblage had not. Such 'zoneskipping'
is attributed to speed of decrease in SO, pollution. Of 25 species not previously
seen this century, eight had not been found for 200 years.]
Hawksworth, D. L. & McManus, P. M. (19896) Lichens that tell a tale. Country Life 183(44):
144-145. [Notes on lichen retreat from London as air pollution increased and of post-Clean
Air Act lichen reinvasion of the city.]
Heliotis, F. D., Karandinos, M. G. & Whiton, J. C. (1988) Air pollution and the decline of the
fir forest in Parnis National Park, near Athens, Greece. Environmental Pollution 54: 29^10.
[Fir forest on Mt Parnis, 30 km north of Athens, is suffering stress and die-back. Lichens,
tree-cores and needles were collected from a south-east site, facing Athens, and from a
north-facing site. South-east facing lichens had higher Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Al, Mo, Mn and N

176 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.22
concentrations than north-facing ones. Air pollution may be contributing to forest decline,
along with past mismanagement, droughts and disease.]
Herzig, H. R. & Urech, M. (1988) Flechten als Bioindikatoren der Luftverschmutzung.
Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 45:181-185. [An IAP-based study of
lichen species-frequency in mid-Switzerland as part of a national research programme.]
Hofmann, P. (1988) Beitrag zur Flechtenflora Tirols: Das Halltal (Karwendelgebirge, Nordtirol.
Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 75:21-36. [The major
parts of Halltal still have an unchanged lichen flora. Only the valley approaches show
evidence of pollutant influence, e.g. signs of injury to the lobe-tips of strap-like and foliose
lichens.]
Hollwarth, M. (1988) Bioindikation—Moglichkeiten und Grenzen. Jahreshefte der Gesellschaft
fur Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 143: 27^45. [Account of an enquiry, already lasting over 10
years, into air quality in Darmstadt. Lichen mapping showed an expected range from desert
to normal zones with distance from the city. For more precise mapping of pollutant sources
inside the city, yew needles proved particularly useful.]
Jones, B.-E. V. (1989a) Managing a radioactive fallout: the Swedish experience after Chernobyl.
British Veterinary Journal 145: 200-225. [After the Chernobyl accident c.80% of the 70 000
reindeer slaughtered in 1986 were condemned. Movement of animals from the most heavily
contaminated grazing area to an area of low contamination brought about a reduction within
4 months of 137 Cs concentration from 12000Bqkg ' to 3000Bqkg '. See Jones (1989*)
below.]
Jones, B.-E. V. (19896) Effects of the Chernobyl accident on animal husbandry and production,
from a Swedish perspective. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 914:
900-902. [A short special report, complementary to Jones (1989a) above.]
Jones, B.-E. V., Eriksson, O. & Nordkvist, M. (1989) Radiocesium uptake in reindeer
pasture. The Science of the Total Environment 85: 207-212. [A more detailed account of the
post-Chernobyl experiment (see Jones (1989a) above) giving intake data for transferred
reindeer.]
Jones, D., Wilson, M. J. & McHardy, W. J. (1988) Effects of lichens on mineral surfaces.
Biodeterioration 7: 129-134. [Review of work on the physical and chemical mineralogical
changes and of secondary products in rock colonized by crustose lichens, emphasizing
examination with SEM, and considering in particular weathering and lichen acid effects,
lichen biodeterioration of buildings and monuments, and methods of controlling lichen
growth. SEM is held to be indispensible in such lichen-substratum studies.]
Kabata-Pendias, A., Galczynska, B. & Dudka, S. (1989) Baseline zinc contents of soils and
plants in Poland. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 11: 19-24. [Includes data for and
discussion of Zn accumulation (up to 750mgkg~' sporadically). Local influence was
observed of total and extractable soil Zn on lichen concentrations.]
Kanerva, T., Sarin, O. & Nuorteva, P. (1988) Aluminium, iron, zinc, cadmium and mercury in
some indicator plants growing in south Finnish forest areas with different degrees of
damage. Annales Botanici Fennici 25: 275—279. [Atomic absorption spectrometry determination
of Zn, Cd and Hg contents in Hypogymnia physodes and four other indicator plants in
three areas of varying forest damage (assessed by spruce crown thinning) showed no differences.
Al and Fe contents, especially in cryptogams, were highest in the worst damaged area
by a highway, possibly due to air pollution.]
Kerr, S. & Zawada, M. S. (1989) The effect of the lichen Acarospora sinopica on the elemental
composition of three sedimentary rock substrates in South Africa. Bryologist 92: 407-410.
[In rock occupied by Acarospora sinopica silicon depletion occurs on conglomerate, arkose
and dolomite. The lichen may affect its microenvironment so that the pH remains high
enough to keep Si in solution, so that it is carried away from the lichen-occupied area,
allowing diffusion avenues to stay open. In lichen-free areas Si accumulates in the arkose
and dolomite and is not or slightly depleted in the conglomerate.]
Kirschbaum, U. & Siegmund, A. (1988) Beurteilung der lufthygienischen Situation Zwischen
Koln und der Nordeifel anhand der epiphytischen Flechtenvegetation. In Beitrage zur
Flechtenkunde inNordwestdeutschland(W'. Grooten and E. Woelm, eds) [Arbeitsberichte 13]:
71-86. Minister: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Angewandte Geographie Miinster e.V. [Detailed air
pollution study of lichen frequency and distribution. Twenty-one species distributionfrequency
maps and IAP- and 5-zonal maps of the area.]

1990 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 177
Korth, W. & Ruckert, D. (1988) Bibliographic lichenologischer Bibliographien. Flechten: Lichenes.
Bibliography on Lichenological Bibliographies. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 104:
1-153. [Forty-nine of the items listed are indexed under 'Air pollution'.]
Krai, R., Kryzova, L. & Liska, J. (1989) Background concentrations of lead and cadmium in the
lichen Hypogymnia physodes at different altitudes. The Science of the Total Environment 84:
201-209. [Pb and Cd contents were examined in Hypogymnia physodes at different distances
from a lightly trafficked road in Bohemian localities with different levels of pollution and at
different altitudes. Pb content increased linearly with altitude, whereas Cd content
increased up to 900-1100 m altitude and then decreased.]
Kryuchkov, V. V. & Syroid, N. A. (1988) Izmeneniebioindikatorov severotayozhnykh ekosistem
v usloviyakh aerotekhnogennogo vozdeistviya. [Changes in bioindicators of the northern
taiga ecosystems under conditions of anthropogenic influence.] In Ekotoksikologia i okhrana
prirody, tezisy dokladov respublikanskogo seminara 15-18 fevralya 1988 Jurmala. [Ecotoxicology
and nature conservation. Papers from the Proceedings of the Republican Seminar, held on
15-18 February 1988 at Jurmala.] (D. A. Krivolutskii, ed.): 87-89. Riga, Latvia: Riga
Institute of Botany. [S, Cu and Ni concentrations in Hypogymnia physodes transplants and
in Picea obovata needles. During 15 months of exposure to pollution in four zones, S levels
increased twice as much as background levels, Ni 16—232 times, and Cu 17-334 times.]
Kryzova, L. (1987) Obsah tezkych kovu v lisejniku Hypogymnia physodes na Sumave. [Heavy
metal content in the lichen Hypogymnia physodes in the Sumava Mountains.] Sumava,
Vimperk et Susice 26: 4—6. [Preliminary report of some of the material in Krai et al. (1989)
above.]
Leuckert, C. & Rux, K.-D. (1988) Neufunde von epiphytischen und epigaischen Flechten in
Berlin (West) mit einer Bemerkung iiber schiitzenswerte Biotope. Verhandlungen Berliner
Botanisches Vereins 6: 41-46. [Fifteen lichen taxa are newly reported from West Berlin,
mostly relict, not newcomers. Preservation and management measures are recommended
for some lichenologically valuable terricolous habitats.]
Linders, H.-W. (1988) Flechtenkunde und Naturschutz: Erfahrungen im Landkreis Leer/
Ostfriesland. In Beitrage zur Flechtenkunde in Nordwestdeutschland (W. Grooten and E.
Woelm, eds) [Arbeitsberichte 13]: 37-47. Miinster: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Angewandte
Geographie Miinster e.V. [Discussion of the lichens recorded from the region deals mainly
with their indicator role and its significance for conservation.]
Liska, J. (1989) Bioindikacni vyuziti sitoveho mapovani epifytickych lisejniku na prikladu
Cernokostelecka. [The use of net mapping of epiphytic lichens for bioindication, illustrated
by example of the region of Kostelec nad Cernymi lesy.] Sbornik Ustavu Aplikovane
Ekologie a Ekotechniky Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske v Praze Praha 7(1988): 65—85. [Air
pollution from remote point and diffuse sources, and intensive agriculturization over a long
period are major influences on the epiphytic lichens of a region lying between a largely
forestless area along the Elbe and a more variable wooded landscape. Along the Elbe the
lichen flora is poor. More basic fields in the wooded area contain relict and more sensitive
species. Here net mapping with indicator species revealed an overall gradient.]
Liska, J. & Pisut, I. (1989) An example of bioindication on a large scale: mapping of
lichens in Czechoslovakia. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference, Bioindicatores
Deteriorisationis Regionis (J. Bohac & V. Ruzicka, eds): 81—86. Ceske Budejovice: Institute
of Landscape Ecology. [Discussion of lichen indication mapping in Czechoslovakia, of
the methods employed and of some conclusions reached. Notes on Hypogymnia physodes,
Buellia punctata, Lobaria pulmonaria, Ramalina fraxinea, Parmelia revoluta, Lecanora
conizaeoides and Scoliciosporum chlorococcum.]
Looney, J. H. H. & James, P. W. (1988) Effects on lichens. In Acid Rain and Britain's Natural
Ecosystems (M. A. Ashmore, N. J. B. Bell and C. Garretty, eds): 13-25. London: Imperial
College. [Basic review of work on air pollution and lichens, including acid rain studies, with
a concluding section describing investigations at present underway and some future
research directions.]
Liihmann, H.-J., Wietschorke, G. & Kreeb, K. H. (1989) Influences of combined temperature,
lead and herbicide stresses on lichen fluorescence and their mathematical modelling. Photosynthetica
23:71-76. [Experiments were conducted to test effects of two simultaneous stress
factors on chlorophyll in-vivo fluorescence. When two antagonistic stress factors (herbicide
Ustinex and Pb(NO,) 2 ) were applied to Hypogymnia physodes, the effect of diuron

178 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.22
dominated. Temperature and Pb(NO,) 2> two synergistic stress factors, had an overadditive
effect.]
Macher, M. & Steubing, L. (1986) Flechten als Bioindikatoren zur immissionsokologischen
Waldzustandserfassung im Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft
fur Okologie 14: 335-342. [In the Bavarian Forest National Park area, 30 lichens have
been recorded on Picea abies, and 72 on Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus. Lichen
frequency afforded less differentiation between areas than degree of vitality.]
Mahii, M. (1989) Pollution atmospherique et lichens dans la ville de Santiago du Chili. Mycotaxon
34:407-428. [Lichen mapping in Santiago de Chile with discussion of climatic, topographic
and pollutant data. Lichens were present in all study areas.]
Mejstfik, V. (1984) Lisejniky a znecisteni ovzdusi v okoli Pfibrami. [Lichens and air pollution in
the Pribram area.] Vlastivedny Sbormk Podbrdska, Pfibram 22(1982): 207-238. [IAP
mapping of epiphytic lichens of the Pribram region.]
Moberg, R. (1988) Synpunkter pa floravardsarbetet pa kryptogamsidan. Svensk Botanisk
Tidskrift 82: 401-402. [Site protection and a decrease in air pollution are the two main
desideranda for conservation of red data (categories 0-4) bryophytes (216), fungi (c.500) and
lichens (24) in Sweden.]
Nash III, T. H., Boucher, V. L. & Schlesinger, W. H. (1989) The potential role of fruticose
epiphytic lichens in ecosystem processes. American Journal of Botany 76(6 Supplement): 2.
[Abstract only of a conference paper. See Albrecht (1989) above for details. Lichens add
substantial vertical structure to forest canopies and may be more important than vascular
plants in such processes as atmospheric aerosol interception. Retention of dry deposition as
gaseous and paniculate aerosols may matter more than interception of wet deposition.
Initial results with SO 2 indicate that lichen absorption capacity may exceed that of vascular
plants by a factor up to 5000. NO, and NH 4 * ions can be accumulated at concentrations
exceeding whole ecosystem fluxesif lichen biomass is in the 700-3300 kg ha ' range.]
Newton, D. P. & Newton, L. D. (1989) Lichenometry: fieldwork for schools and colleges. Journal
of Biological Education 23:125-128. [Introductory feature includes a brief note on lichens as
indicators of air pollution.]
Norby, R. J. & Sigal, L. L. (1989) Nitrogen fixationin the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in elevated
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Oecologia 79: 566-568. [Lobaria pulmonaria from Douglas Fir
forest near Corvallis was submitted to 20 to 40 days CO, concentrations of 374 and 700 ^11 '.
Nitrogenase activity doubled. Increased lichen nitrogen fixation may be important in
ecosystem response to rising CO, levels.]
Papastefanou, C, Manalopoulou, M. & Sawadis, T. (1989) Lichens and mosses: Biological
monitors of radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl reactor accident. Journal of Environmental
Radioactivity 9: 199-207. [Post-Chernobyl concentrations of " 7 Cs in lichens (Evenna
prunastri, Cladonia furcata, C. convoluta, C. rangiformis, Anaptychia ciliaris, Xanthoria
parietina, Physcia spp., Collema spp., Parmelia liliacea and Ramalina fraxinea) ranged from
1070 to 14 560 Bq kg 1 . ' 06 Ru, H4 Ce, 125 Sb and " Om Ag were also measured. Includes a gamma
spectrum for 'hot' Anaptychia ciliaris and a table of radionuclide contents in lichens from
three main localities.]
Piervittori, R. & Sampo, S. 1987/1988. Lichen colonization of the stone-works: The front of
Vezzolano Abbey, Asti (Piedmont) Italy. Allionia 28:93-102. [Examination of the lichens of
a Piedmontese abbey facade (12th century) and of some mechanisms of chemical and
biotic deterioration, particularly the role of lichens, e.g. Lecanora muralis, L. albescens,
L. dispersa, Candelanella medians, C. aurella, Lecania erysibe, Physcoma grisea and Verrucaria
sp.]
Pujmanova, L. & Soldan, Z. (1985) Lichenofloristicka a bryofloristicka studie S.P.R. Jezerka v
Krusnych horach. [Lichenofloristic and bryofloristic study of the Jezerka nature reserve in
the Krusnehory Mountains.] Severoceskou Pfirodou, Litomefice 17: 29-39. [Recent results
are compared with 1931 literature data. Thirty-four species of lichen were found, 49 having
disappeared probably due to air pollution. Only two epiphytic lichens and no epiphytic
bryophytes were found.]
Richardson, D. H. S. & Dowding, P. (1989) Studies on leaf yeast populations in relation to air
quality and lichen distribution in Europe. American Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement):
12. [Abstract only of a conference paper. See Albrecht (1989) above for details. Leaf yeasts
and lichens yield complementary information on air quality.]

1990 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 179
Rissanen, K. & Rahola, T. (1989) Cs-137 concentration in reindeer and its fodder plants. The
Science of the Total Environment 85: 199-206. [Dry weight 137 Cs concentrations in Finnish
Lappland lichens, which peaked at 2500 Bq kg' in the mid-1960s, were reduced to 74-
460 Bq kg ' in ground lichens (Cladonia, Catraria and Stereocaulon) and to 47-200 Bq kg"'
in arboreal lichens {Alectoria, Bryoria and Usnea). After the Chernobyl accident levels rose
to 200-2100 Bq kg ' in ground lichens and 160-1900 Bq kg ' in arboreal lichens.]
Roy-Arcand, L., Delisle, C. E. & Briere, F. G. (1989) Effects of simulated acid precipitation
on the metabolic activity of Cladina stellaris. Canadian Journal of Botany 67: 1796-1802.
[Effects of rain pH (2, 3, 4 and 5) and sulphate:nitrate ratios (2:1 and 6:1) on Cladina
stellaris from Knujjuarapik, Quebec, were studied. At pH 2-3 podetial tips showed
reduced metabolic activity, and at pH 4-5 enhanced growth. A threshold resonse to acid
precipitation near pH 3-5 is indicated.]
Scott, M. G. & Hutchinson, T. C. (1989) Morphological and chemical studies of epiphytic
lichens from high elevation cloud forests as indicators of atmospheric pollution. American
Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 13. [Abstract only of a conference paper. See Albrecht
(1989) above for details. German and North American populations of Hypogymniaphysodes,
on balsam firand red spruce showing moderate decline, had higher levels of Mn, Ca, Mg, K
and S than lichens from clean sites. At severely declining sites these nutrients were depleted.
Lichen tissue chemistry showed high levels of Fe, Zn, Al and Pb; all metals sensitive to
mobilization by acidity. Morphology and cell structure of lichen epiphytes from acidified
forests showed lobe aberrancies, abnormally high production of reproductive structures,
starch and lipid accumulation, and necrosis and plasmolysis of algal cells.]
Scott, M. G., Hutchinson, T. C. & Feth, M. J. (1989) A comparison of the effects on Canadian
boreal forest lichens of nitric and sulfuric acids as sources of rain acidity. New Phytologist
111:663-672. [Cladina rangiferina and C. stellaris plots in boreal forest were sprayed for two
years with artificial rain (pH 4-2, 3-2 or 2-8 and at four different sulphate:nitrate ratios).
Short-term growth stimulation was observed in rain at pH 4-2 with high nitrate, but not in
most acid sprays. No long-term benefit from acid rain inputs is considered likely.]
Seaward, M. R. D. (1989a) Contribution of lichens to ecosystems. In Handbook of Lichenology
(M. Galun, ed.): 107-129. Boca Raton, Florida: C.R.C. Press, Inc. [Reviews work on the
contribution of lichens to ecosystems, and considers inter alia the role of air pollution in
some monospecific communities; mineral cycling processes; and lichen diversity-crypsis
relationships.]
Seaward, M. R. D. (19896) Air pollution, lichens and the peppered moth: adapting biological
monitoring to modern problems. American Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 14.
[Abstract only of a conference paper. See Albrecht (1989) above for details. Lichen and algal
species limitation by air pollution has encouraged the spread of fungal parasites with a
predilection for poleotolerant species. Species-poor communities still dominate substrata.
Changes in the ratio lichen-diversity:population numbers of Biston betularia are
discussed.]
Siegel, S. M. & Daly, O. (1968) Response of Cladonia rangiferina to experimental stress factors.
Botanical Gazette 129: 339-345. [Effects on Cladonia rangiferina of inter alia exposure to
500 krads of gamma-radiation under N 2 . After 10 days tissue was pale yellow, flaccidand
beginning to disintegrate.]
Silberstein, L. & Galun, M. (1989) Pollution resistance mechanisms in the lichen Xanthoria
parietina. American Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 15. [Abstract only of a conference
paper. See Albrecht (1989) above for details. Xanthoria parietina in polluted sites in Israel
has fivetimes more glutathione, several times more proline and arginine, and more alanine
than in clean air sites. Superoxide dismutase activity in X. parietina is unaffected by
exposure to H 2 SO 3 .]
Sochting, U. (1989) Xanthoria elegans spreading in Denmark. Graphis Scripta 2:167. [Xanthoria
elegans was unrecorded in Denmark until 1988, although mortar has been in use for
centuries and asbestos was introduced in 1929. It is suggested X. elegans may be an indicator
of airborne N deposition.]
Szerbin, P. & Popov, D. K. (1988) Transfer of radium-228, thorium-228 and radium-226 from
forage to cattle and reindeer. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 8:129-141. [Including
tabulation and discussion of Ra and Th isotope concentrations in reindeer lichen forage
(species unspecified).]

180 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.22
Taylor, H. W., Svoboda, J., Henry, G. H. R. & Wein, R. W. (1988) Post-Chernobyl cesium-
134 and cesium-137 levels at some localities in northern Canada. Arctic 41: 293-296.
[Comparison of post-Chernobyl l37 Cs concentrations in lichens, moss and caribou meat
from high and central arctic Canada. Lichens from the central arctic region showed " ; Cs
increase of 14°,,, from boreal Wood Buffalo National Park 19° (> . Lichens from Ellesmere
Island had no detectable 137 Cs. Chernobyl fallout over northern Canada was insignificant
compared with that in the USSR, Scandinavia and central Europe.]
Thrower, S. L. (1988) Hong Kong Lichens. Hong Kong: Urban Council. [Introductory pages 5-14
include various notes on lichens and the history of air pollution in Hong Kong. See Thrower
(1978) listed in XI and Thrower (1980) listed in XV of this series.]
Umlauff-Zimmermann, R. & Kreines, K. (1989) Passives Monitoring in Waldokosystemen.
Verhandlungen der Gesellschaftfiir Okologie 16:85—90. [In a statewide air quality monitoring
programme, permanent plots were established and effects on forest ecosystems were studied
using passive monitoring techniques. Lichens were among biota examined as reaction
indicators.]
Wetmore, C. M. (1985) Lichens of the Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Mycotaxon 23:
241-249. [See Wetmore (19836) listed in XXVII of this series.]
Wetmore, C. M. (1988a) Lichens of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. Michigan Botanist
27: 111-118. [See Wetmore (1988c) below.]
Wetmore, C. M. (19886) Lichens and Air Quality in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. (Final
Report, National Park Service. Contract CX0001-22-0034 and USDI PX6000-7-0731.)
[Records of 235 lichen taxa provide a base-list for future studies. No evidence to date of
pollution was observed, but a slight gradient of increasing sulphur towards Munising needs
watching.]
Wetmore, C. M. (1988c) Lichens and Air Quality in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.
(Final Report, National Park Service. Contract CX0001-22-0034 and USDI PX6000-7-
0731.) [Detailed distribution study with lichen maps, and element analysis (figures for
Cladina rangiferina and Hypogymnia physodes) found no indication of air pollution effects.]
Wetmore, C. M. (1988d) Lichens and Air Quality in Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. (Final
Report, National Parks Service. Contract CX0001-22-0034 and USDI PX6000-7-0731.)
[No indication of air pollution effects seen. Element analysis figuresfor Cladina rangiferina,
Hypogymnia physodes and Evernia mesomorpha.]
Wetmore, C. M. (1989a) Lichens and air quality in Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area,
Ohio. Bryologist 92: 273-281. [Only21° o of 151 lichens recorded for two counties between
1895 and 1917 were found in 1985. Much lichen injury was seen. Parmelia rudecta had high
S levels. Poor air quality is held to be the cause.]
Wetmore, C. M. (19896) Lichens and Air Quality in White Mountain National Forest Wilderness
Areas. (Final Report, US Forest Service. Contract USDA 40-1484-7-614.) [No lichen
impoverishment was observed, but some species, reported previously and not found now
may have been lost owing to regional air pollution. Element and analysis figuresfor Cladina
rangiferina, C. stygia, Evernia mesomorpha and Hypogymnia physodes.]
Wetmore, C. M. (1989c) Lichens and Air Quality in Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge. (Final
Report, US Fish and Wildlife Service. Contract FWS6-87-1103) [No lichen degradation due
to air pollution was established in this survey, but rarity of three intermediately sensitive
species suggests the need for futher monitoring, as do S levels in one species on Bull Island
and the Isle of Palms. Element analysis figuresfor Cladina subtenuis, Cladonia leporina and
Parmelia rigidia.]
Wietschorke, G., Luhmann, H.-J. & Kreeb, K. H. (1985) Erfassungkleinraumiger Immissionsbelastung
durch transplantierte Flechten. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie 13:
653-656. [Single lobe growth (macrophotography) and net assimilation rates were compared
in Parmelia sulcata transplants in high traffic density areas of Esslingen, Neckar,
south-western Germany; lobe growth was the more sensitive indicator.]
Yoshimura, I., Kurokawa, T., Nakano, T. & Yamamoto, Y. (1987) A preliminary report of
cultures of Cladonia vulcani and the effects of the hydrogen ion concentration on them.
Bulletin of Kochi Gakuen College 18: 335-343. [Cladonia vulcani cultures grow best in pH 4
media; symbiotic algae (Trebouxia excentrica) grow well between pH 4 and pH 9. Soil in
natural habitats of C. vulcani shows a pH of 5-5. Discussion and growth-curve diagrams for
C. vulcani and T. excentrica at different pH levels.]

1990 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 181
Zobel, K. (1988) Izuchenie razgranichitel'noi sposobnosti pokazatelei struktury epifitnogo
lishainikovogo pokrova. [Studies on the differentiating ability of structure characteristics
of lichen cover.] Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian S.S.R., Biology 37:
223—233. [Two diversity indices and four IAP forms were compared using lichen data.
Differentiating ability was better when the IAP indices were employed, but the four forms of
the IAP index had equivalent differentiating capacities.]
I am grateful to Professors D. L. Hawksworth and D. H. S. Richardson, and to Drs V. Alstrup,
H. Bartholmess, K. Bartok, D. H. Brown, S. C. Clark, B.-E. V. Jones, J. Liska, H.-J. Luhmann,
M. R. D. Seaward, C. M. Wetmore and E. Woelm for drawing certain items to my attention; to the
staff of the British Lending Library, Nature Conservancy Library and Edward Boyle Library,
Leeds University, for their assistance; and to Professor G. F. Leedale for providing facilities.
Accepted for publication 9 January 1990