Literature on air pollution and lichens XXXI
Literature on air pollution and lichens XXXI
Literature on air pollution and lichens XXXI
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Lichenologist 22(2): 173-181 (1990)<br />
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS<br />
<strong>XXXI</strong>*<br />
A. HENDERSON^<br />
Albrecht, N. J. (1989) Temporal variati<strong>on</strong> in the elements of three lichen species of Voyageurs<br />
Nati<strong>on</strong>al Park, Minnesota. American Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 3. [Abstract <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
of a paper presented at the 1989 Meeting of the Botanical Society of America <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Canadian Botanical Associati<strong>on</strong>, held in Tor<strong>on</strong>to, Canada, 6—10 August, 1989. Few if any<br />
seas<strong>on</strong>al changes occurred in P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Na, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd <strong>and</strong> S<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tents in Cladina rangiferina, Parmelia sulcata, <strong>and</strong> Evernia prunastri collected m<strong>on</strong>thly.<br />
Differences in several elements were not correlated with weather or wet depositi<strong>on</strong> data.]<br />
Andel, P. (1987) Hodnoceni cistoty ovzdusi na Sumave pomoci lisejniku. [Air purity evaluati<strong>on</strong><br />
using <strong>lichens</strong> in Sumava Mountains.] Sutnava, Vimperk et Susice 26: 2-3. [Lichen bioindicati<strong>on</strong><br />
of <strong>air</strong> quality in the Sumava mountain regi<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Anderss<strong>on</strong>, L. & Appelqvist, T. (1987) Lunglav och almlav, indikatorer pa vardefull lovskog.<br />
Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 81: 185-194. [Lobana pulm<strong>on</strong>aria was found in 33 localities,<br />
Gyalecta ulmi in 35, of 1250 deciduous southwestern Swedish woodl<strong>and</strong>s, at half the sites<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong>e tree. Lobana pulm<strong>on</strong>aria is an excellent, easily noted indicator of unspoiled<br />
woodl<strong>and</strong>.]<br />
Arndt, U., Bartholmess, H. & Schluter, C. (1986) Bioindikatoren und ihr Einsatz in<br />
Waldschadensgebieten. Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift 1986: 3-5. [Review descripti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
discussi<strong>on</strong> of work applying active <strong>and</strong> passive methods of bioindicati<strong>on</strong> to the study of<br />
forest decline in the Swabian-Frank<strong>on</strong>ian <strong>and</strong> Black Forest regi<strong>on</strong>s. Details of lichen<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring projects in the area.]<br />
Arup, U., Ekman, S., Frdberg, L., Knutss<strong>on</strong>, T. & Matts<strong>on</strong>, J.-E. (1989) Changes in the<br />
lichen flora <strong>on</strong> Romeleklint. Graphis Scripta 2: 148-155. [Almost all n<strong>on</strong>-acid-tolerant<br />
<strong>lichens</strong> have disappeared from this high southern Swedish peak, where pH data show<br />
extensive acidificati<strong>on</strong> over the last two decades, due in large part to sulphur <strong>and</strong> nitrogen<br />
oxide depositi<strong>on</strong>. List of 77 species with pH classificati<strong>on</strong>s. 'Through c<strong>on</strong>tinued investigati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
like these, it may be possible to findout which silicolous lichen species are sensitive<br />
to acidificati<strong>on</strong>.']<br />
Bartholmess, H. (1989) Untersuchungen iiber den Zusammenhang zwischen Flechtenvegetati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
Immissi<strong>on</strong>sbelastung und Waldschaden in Baden-Wurttemberg. Forstwissenschaftliches<br />
Centralblatt 108: 188-196. [Investigati<strong>on</strong>s in selected woodl<strong>and</strong>s of<br />
Baden-Wiirtemberg into the relati<strong>on</strong>ships between forest decline <strong>and</strong> lichen diversity <strong>and</strong><br />
quality in areas remote from urban c<strong>on</strong>glomerati<strong>on</strong>s. In the Swabian-Frank<strong>on</strong>ian Forest<br />
<strong>lichens</strong> show obvious <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> effects. In the Black Forest, effects, though dem<strong>on</strong>strable,<br />
are less distinct due to interacti<strong>on</strong>s of climate, topography <strong>and</strong> <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Bartholmess, H. & John, E. (1986) Flechten: lebende Anzeiger Bioindikatoren fur die Qualitdt der<br />
Luft (Lupenvergrosserung). Stuttgart: Verlag Stephanie Naglschmid. [Lichen indicati<strong>on</strong><br />
card issued in c<strong>on</strong>juncti<strong>on</strong> with explanatory leaflet, directing the user to the same authors'<br />
book, Luflqualitat Selbst Bestimmt—Flechtenkartierung (1986) in the series Aktiv fur die<br />
Natur (Stuttgart: Verlag Stephanie Naglschmid).]<br />
Bartholmess, H., Hanisch-Lugtenburg, A., Arndt, U. & Wirth, V. (1987) Passives M<strong>on</strong>itoring<br />
mit Flechten im Waldschadensgebiet Schwabisch-Frankischer Wald. VD1 Berichte<br />
609: 597-618. [Detailed account with diagrams <strong>and</strong> tabulati<strong>on</strong> of data from<br />
a passive m<strong>on</strong>itoring programme established in 1984 in the Swabian-Frank<strong>on</strong>ian<br />
Forest. See Bartholmess (1989) above.]<br />
Bartok, K. (1988) Heavy metal distributi<strong>on</strong> in several lichen species in a polluted area. Revue<br />
Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Biologic Vege'tale 33: 127-134. [Pb, Cu, Zn <strong>and</strong> Mn<br />
*XXX in Lichenologist 21: 369-378 (1989)<br />
^Department of Pure <strong>and</strong> Applied Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.<br />
0024-2829/90/020173 + 09 $03.00/0 © 1990 The British Lichen Society
174 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.22<br />
accumulati<strong>on</strong>s were studied in corticolous Parmelia c<strong>on</strong>spersa <strong>and</strong> Lecanora subfusca <strong>and</strong><br />
terricolous Peltigera canina transplanted up- <strong>and</strong> downstream from a c<strong>on</strong>trol beech forest in<br />
the Aries Valley. Zn <strong>and</strong> Cu accumulati<strong>on</strong>s were highest in P. c<strong>on</strong>spersa. Largest accumulati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
were of Pb (2500 p.p.m. in P. c<strong>on</strong>spersa). Heavy metal accumulati<strong>on</strong> decreased with<br />
distance from source, but Mn levels were highest in c<strong>on</strong>trols, with minimum values in<br />
highest polluted spots. Some seas<strong>on</strong>ality is suggested in accumulati<strong>on</strong> ratios.]<br />
Bartok, K. (1989) Reflecta oare lichenii stabilitatea si viabilitatea padurilor? [Do <strong>lichens</strong> reflect the<br />
stability <strong>and</strong> viability of forests?] Revista Padurilor 104: 69-72. [In polluted beech forest in<br />
Firiza Valley four lichen species were found, including toxitolerant Bacidia chlorococca;<br />
while an unpolluted forest had 47 species. Table of distributi<strong>on</strong> for 57 taxa of the regi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Background <strong>and</strong> recent historical details <strong>and</strong> discussi<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Blanchard, R. L. & Kearney, J. W. (1967) Natural radioactivity <strong>and</strong> " 7 Cs in Alaskan caribou <strong>and</strong><br />
reindeer samples. Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Science <strong>and</strong> Technology 1:932-939. [Includes discussi<strong>on</strong> of<br />
21 "Po <strong>and</strong> 210 Pb c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s in <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>and</strong> reindeer rumen.]<br />
Bo<strong>on</strong>pragob, K., Nash III, T. H. & Fox, C. A. (1989) Seas<strong>on</strong>al depositi<strong>on</strong> patterns of acidic i<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<strong>and</strong> amm<strong>on</strong>ium to the lichen Ramalina menziesii Tayl. in southern California. Envir<strong>on</strong>mental<br />
<strong>and</strong> Experimental Botany 29: 187-197. [Water-leachable i<strong>on</strong>s from Ramalina menziesii<br />
were used as indicators of seas<strong>on</strong>al depositi<strong>on</strong> at a polluted <strong>and</strong> a c<strong>on</strong>trol site. Highest<br />
accumulati<strong>on</strong> levels occurred at the end of extended summer droughts. Leachable NO, was<br />
always the i<strong>on</strong> in highest c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>. In summer all i<strong>on</strong>s except Cl were higher at the<br />
polluted site.]<br />
Broad, K. (1989) Lichens in Southern Woodl<strong>and</strong>s. Forestry Commissi<strong>on</strong> H<strong>and</strong>book 4. 48 pp.<br />
L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>: H.M.S.O. [Pages 28-36 of this attractive h<strong>and</strong>book c<strong>on</strong>stitute a brief introducti<strong>on</strong><br />
to lichen indicati<strong>on</strong> of some comm<strong>on</strong> <strong>air</strong> pollutants.]<br />
Camer<strong>on</strong>, R. E. (1972) Polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> of the Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem. In<br />
C<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> Problems in Antarctica (R. C. Parker, ed.): 267-305. Blacksburg: Virginia<br />
Polytechnic Institute <strong>and</strong> State University. [Table 6 includes <strong>lichens</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g microbiota<br />
eliminated by varied site disrupti<strong>on</strong> in the Antarctic. Background informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the<br />
dangers <strong>and</strong> nature of such disruptive human activities.]<br />
Centre de Documentati<strong>on</strong> sur le Milieu Naturel (1989) Affiche 'Lichens et Qualite de VAir en<br />
Haute-Norm<strong>and</strong>ie, France.' Rouen: Centre de Documentati<strong>on</strong> sur le Milieu Naturel.<br />
[Poster <strong>on</strong> <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> to accompany a film <strong>and</strong> publicati<strong>on</strong>s issued by the<br />
C.D.M.N. as part of their research programme over the last 15 years. See note in<br />
Internati<strong>on</strong>al LichenologicalNewsletter (1989) 22: 37.]<br />
Davies, F. B. M. & Notcutt, G. (1989) Accumulati<strong>on</strong> of volcanogenic fluorides by <strong>lichens</strong>.<br />
Fluoride 22: 59-65. [Xanthoriaparietina <strong>and</strong> Stereocaul<strong>on</strong> vesuvianum <strong>on</strong> La Palma, Canary<br />
Isles, were analysed for fluoride, <strong>and</strong> data compared with those from Etna <strong>lichens</strong>, as<br />
magnitude <strong>and</strong> durati<strong>on</strong> of erupti<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>trast so str<strong>on</strong>gly in the two areas. La Palma <strong>lichens</strong><br />
show relatively high accumulati<strong>on</strong> from minor erupti<strong>on</strong>s.]<br />
Earl<strong>and</strong>-Bennett, P. (1989) City Diary: L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>. British Lichen Society Bulletin 65: 11-12.<br />
[Stereocaul<strong>on</strong> vesuvianum var. symphycheileoides is am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>lichens</strong> recorded from Kew <strong>and</strong><br />
Chelsea. Thirty species, 13 of them epiphytic, are recorded from Battersea Park.]<br />
Eitschberger, W. (1984) Untersuchungen an epiphytischen Flechten in Athen im Zusammenhang mit<br />
den stadtokologischen Verhdltnissen: Vegetati<strong>on</strong>skundliche Gliederung, Schadstoffanreicherung<br />
und Photosynthesebeeinflussung. Doctorate Thesis, Julius-Maximilians-University,<br />
Wiirzburg. [Lichen-<strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> study of the Athens basin. Z<strong>on</strong>al mapping; of<br />
260 km 2 ,67° 0 is c<strong>on</strong>sidered'lichen desert'<strong>and</strong> 18°,, 'struggle z<strong>on</strong>e'. Pb,Cu <strong>and</strong> S accumulati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<strong>and</strong> CO 2 exchange were investigated in Evernia prunastri <strong>and</strong> Anaptychia ciliaris<br />
transplants.]<br />
Ertel, J., Maier, M., Gnittke, J. & Steubing, L. (1987) Blei- und Cadmiumbelastung des<br />
Naturscutzgebietes Liineberger Heide. Verh<strong>and</strong>lungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie 16:<br />
305-309. [C<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> of Pb were greater in <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>and</strong> mosses than in higher plants in<br />
this study of Pb <strong>and</strong> Cd <strong>and</strong> of heavy metal input in soils, plants <strong>and</strong> animals of a heath<br />
ecosystem. Figures for Pb <strong>and</strong> Cd in Clad<strong>on</strong>ia impexa.]<br />
Faensen-Thiebes, A. (1987) Lassen sich die Ursachen fur die Vegetati<strong>on</strong>sschaden in Ballungsgebieten<br />
mit Hilfe v<strong>on</strong> Bioindikatoren klaren? Verh<strong>and</strong>lungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie<br />
16: 175-180. [Study of increasing decline in trees of West Berlin. Lichens were am<strong>on</strong>g the<br />
indicators employed in assessing the effects of the city's variety of pollutants.]
1990 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Literature</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong>—Henders<strong>on</strong> 175<br />
Fiol, L. A. (1983) Estudi d'una formacio microedafica a l'habitacio urbana de Palma de Mallorca.<br />
Bolleti de la Societal d'Historia Natural de les Balears 29:37-62. [Analysis of a microedaphic<br />
formati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> corrugated tile roofs <strong>and</strong> Zn guttering of urban buildings in Palma de<br />
Mallorca, a substratum for inter alia <strong>lichens</strong>. Mineralogical c<strong>on</strong>tents, grain size, substratum<br />
pH <strong>and</strong> rain muddiness are am<strong>on</strong>g factors examined.]<br />
Fiol, L. A. (1984) Estudio liquenico de la habitaci<strong>on</strong> urbana de Palma de Mallorca. Anales de<br />
Biologia 1 (Secci<strong>on</strong> Especial 1): 237-243. [Study of <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>on</strong> buildings <strong>and</strong> m<strong>on</strong>uments in<br />
Palma de Mallorca. Of 51 species recorded, 90° o are crustose <strong>and</strong> 18 species are c<strong>on</strong>sidered<br />
notably tolerant of or resistant to the urban ambience.]<br />
Galun, M. & Roven, R. (1989) Interacti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>and</strong> pollutants. In H<strong>and</strong>book of Lichenology<br />
(M. Galun, ed.): 55-72. Boca Rat<strong>on</strong>, Florida: C.R.C. Press, Inc. [Reviews work<br />
<strong>on</strong> lichen-pollutant interacti<strong>on</strong>s under the headings: ecosystem alterati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> mapping,<br />
transplantati<strong>on</strong>, morphological <strong>and</strong> cytological changes, metabolic <strong>and</strong> other processes<br />
affected by polluti<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> element uptake <strong>and</strong> accumulati<strong>on</strong> (S, heavy metals <strong>and</strong> radi<strong>on</strong>uclides).]<br />
Gee, H. (1989) L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>'s green tide. World Magazine 1989(11): 6-12. [Popular note <strong>on</strong> lichen<br />
reinvasi<strong>on</strong> of L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Gerhardt-Dircksen, A. & Hippe, A. (1988) Untersuchungen zur epiphytischen Flechtenvegetati<strong>on</strong><br />
der Stadt Bielefeld. In Beitrage zur Flechtenkunde in Nordzuestdeutschl<strong>and</strong> (W.<br />
Grooten & E. Woelm, eds) [Arbeitsberichte 13]: 49—54 Miinster: Arbeitsgemeinschaft<br />
Angew<strong>and</strong>te Geographie Miinster e.V. [5-z<strong>on</strong>al lichen-<strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> map of the regi<strong>on</strong> based<br />
<strong>on</strong> the <strong>lichens</strong> of trees, predominantly apple. Discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> data.]<br />
Gilbert, O. L. (1989a) The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Chapman <strong>and</strong> Hall: L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> New<br />
York. [C<strong>on</strong>tains several detailed comments <strong>on</strong> the status, poleotolerance <strong>and</strong> performance of<br />
<strong>lichens</strong> in urban situati<strong>on</strong>s.]<br />
Gilbert, O. L. (19896) The greenhouse effect <strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong>. British Lichen Society Bulletin 65: 1-5.<br />
['What does a warmer future hold for the British lichen flora?' Suggested possibilities<br />
are: migrati<strong>on</strong> northwards of certain species; extincti<strong>on</strong> of arctic <strong>and</strong> boreal species with<br />
southern limits now in northern Britain; establishment of some sub-Mediterranean <strong>and</strong><br />
southern species unrecorded in Britain except for the Channel <strong>and</strong> Scilly Isles; <strong>and</strong> a less<br />
spectacular overall shift of balance in species already present.]<br />
Glime, J. M. & Iwatsuki, Z. (1989) Steam vent vegetati<strong>on</strong>: Survival of the smallest. American<br />
Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 7. [Abstract <strong>on</strong>ly of a c<strong>on</strong>ference paper. See Albrecht<br />
(1989) above for details. Lichens were am<strong>on</strong>g plant communities sampled to study restricti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
imposed <strong>on</strong> vegetati<strong>on</strong> by high temperature <strong>and</strong> humidity, noxious gases <strong>and</strong> low pH<br />
levels near geothermal vents. 'Being small, especially with little underground biomass, is a<br />
requisite of survival of high sub-surface temperatures in this habitat.']<br />
Hallingback, T. (1989) Occurrence <strong>and</strong> ecology of the lichen Lobaria scrobiculata in southern<br />
Sweden. Lichenologist 21: 331-341. [Thorough investigati<strong>on</strong> of 50 out of 300 pre-1950<br />
localities with Lobaria scrobiculata in southern Sweden c<strong>on</strong>firmed its presence at <strong>on</strong>ly two.<br />
In general populati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> thallus size are now lower, as is fertility. The species is c<strong>on</strong>fined to<br />
regi<strong>on</strong>s of low <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> high humidity; <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> is its greatest current danger.]<br />
Hawksworth, D. L. & McManus, P. M. (1989a) Lichen recol<strong>on</strong>izati<strong>on</strong> in L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> (UK) under<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of rapidly falling sulphur dioxide levels, <strong>and</strong> the c<strong>on</strong>cept of z<strong>on</strong>e skipping.<br />
Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 100: 99-110. [Lichens <strong>on</strong> trees <strong>and</strong> wood were<br />
studied in 50 north-west L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> sites. Evernia prunastri <strong>and</strong> Ramalinafannacea now occur<br />
in many central L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> parks; Parmelia caperata was found at 12 sites. Although species of<br />
z<strong>on</strong>e 6-7 had penetrated central L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, a z<strong>on</strong>e 4-5 assemblage had not. Such 'z<strong>on</strong>eskipping'<br />
is attributed to speed of decrease in SO, polluti<strong>on</strong>. Of 25 species not previously<br />
seen this century, eight had not been found for 200 years.]<br />
Hawksworth, D. L. & McManus, P. M. (19896) Lichens that tell a tale. Country Life 183(44):<br />
144-145. [Notes <strong>on</strong> lichen retreat from L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> as <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> increased <strong>and</strong> of post-Clean<br />
Air Act lichen reinvasi<strong>on</strong> of the city.]<br />
Heliotis, F. D., Kar<strong>and</strong>inos, M. G. & Whit<strong>on</strong>, J. C. (1988) Air polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> the decline of the<br />
fir forest in Parnis Nati<strong>on</strong>al Park, near Athens, Greece. Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Polluti<strong>on</strong> 54: 29^10.<br />
[Fir forest <strong>on</strong> Mt Parnis, 30 km north of Athens, is suffering stress <strong>and</strong> die-back. Lichens,<br />
tree-cores <strong>and</strong> needles were collected from a south-east site, facing Athens, <strong>and</strong> from a<br />
north-facing site. South-east facing <strong>lichens</strong> had higher Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Al, Mo, Mn <strong>and</strong> N
176 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.22<br />
c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s than north-facing <strong>on</strong>es. Air polluti<strong>on</strong> may be c<strong>on</strong>tributing to forest decline,<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g with past mismanagement, droughts <strong>and</strong> disease.]<br />
Herzig, H. R. & Urech, M. (1988) Flechten als Bioindikatoren der Luftverschmutzung.<br />
Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern 45:181-185. [An IAP-based study of<br />
lichen species-frequency in mid-Switzerl<strong>and</strong> as part of a nati<strong>on</strong>al research programme.]<br />
Hofmann, P. (1988) Beitrag zur Flechtenflora Tirols: Das Halltal (Karwendelgebirge, Nordtirol.<br />
Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 75:21-36. [The major<br />
parts of Halltal still have an unchanged lichen flora. Only the valley approaches show<br />
evidence of pollutant influence, e.g. signs of injury to the lobe-tips of strap-like <strong>and</strong> foliose<br />
<strong>lichens</strong>.]<br />
Hollwarth, M. (1988) Bioindikati<strong>on</strong>—Moglichkeiten und Grenzen. Jahreshefte der Gesellschaft<br />
fur Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 143: 27^45. [Account of an enquiry, already lasting over 10<br />
years, into <strong>air</strong> quality in Darmstadt. Lichen mapping showed an expected range from desert<br />
to normal z<strong>on</strong>es with distance from the city. For more precise mapping of pollutant sources<br />
inside the city, yew needles proved particularly useful.]<br />
J<strong>on</strong>es, B.-E. V. (1989a) Managing a radioactive fallout: the Swedish experience after Chernobyl.<br />
British Veterinary Journal 145: 200-225. [After the Chernobyl accident c.80% of the 70 000<br />
reindeer slaughtered in 1986 were c<strong>on</strong>demned. Movement of animals from the most heavily<br />
c<strong>on</strong>taminated grazing area to an area of low c<strong>on</strong>taminati<strong>on</strong> brought about a reducti<strong>on</strong> within<br />
4 m<strong>on</strong>ths of 137 Cs c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> from 12000Bqkg ' to 3000Bqkg '. See J<strong>on</strong>es (1989*)<br />
below.]<br />
J<strong>on</strong>es, B.-E. V. (19896) Effects of the Chernobyl accident <strong>on</strong> animal husb<strong>and</strong>ry <strong>and</strong> producti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
from a Swedish perspective. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associati<strong>on</strong> 914:<br />
900-902. [A short special report, complementary to J<strong>on</strong>es (1989a) above.]<br />
J<strong>on</strong>es, B.-E. V., Erikss<strong>on</strong>, O. & Nordkvist, M. (1989) Radiocesium uptake in reindeer<br />
pasture. The Science of the Total Envir<strong>on</strong>ment 85: 207-212. [A more detailed account of the<br />
post-Chernobyl experiment (see J<strong>on</strong>es (1989a) above) giving intake data for transferred<br />
reindeer.]<br />
J<strong>on</strong>es, D., Wils<strong>on</strong>, M. J. & McHardy, W. J. (1988) Effects of <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>on</strong> mineral surfaces.<br />
Biodeteriorati<strong>on</strong> 7: 129-134. [Review of work <strong>on</strong> the physical <strong>and</strong> chemical mineralogical<br />
changes <strong>and</strong> of sec<strong>on</strong>dary products in rock col<strong>on</strong>ized by crustose <strong>lichens</strong>, emphasizing<br />
examinati<strong>on</strong> with SEM, <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sidering in particular weathering <strong>and</strong> lichen acid effects,<br />
lichen biodeteriorati<strong>on</strong> of buildings <strong>and</strong> m<strong>on</strong>uments, <strong>and</strong> methods of c<strong>on</strong>trolling lichen<br />
growth. SEM is held to be indispensible in such lichen-substratum studies.]<br />
Kabata-Pendias, A., Galczynska, B. & Dudka, S. (1989) Baseline zinc c<strong>on</strong>tents of soils <strong>and</strong><br />
plants in Pol<strong>and</strong>. Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Geochemistry <strong>and</strong> Health 11: 19-24. [Includes data for <strong>and</strong><br />
discussi<strong>on</strong> of Zn accumulati<strong>on</strong> (up to 750mgkg~' sporadically). Local influence was<br />
observed of total <strong>and</strong> extractable soil Zn <strong>on</strong> lichen c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s.]<br />
Kanerva, T., Sarin, O. & Nuorteva, P. (1988) Aluminium, ir<strong>on</strong>, zinc, cadmium <strong>and</strong> mercury in<br />
some indicator plants growing in south Finnish forest areas with different degrees of<br />
damage. Annales Botanici Fennici 25: 275—279. [Atomic absorpti<strong>on</strong> spectrometry determinati<strong>on</strong><br />
of Zn, Cd <strong>and</strong> Hg c<strong>on</strong>tents in Hypogymnia physodes <strong>and</strong> four other indicator plants in<br />
three areas of varying forest damage (assessed by spruce crown thinning) showed no differences.<br />
Al <strong>and</strong> Fe c<strong>on</strong>tents, especially in cryptogams, were highest in the worst damaged area<br />
by a highway, possibly due to <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Kerr, S. & Zawada, M. S. (1989) The effect of the lichen Acarospora sinopica <strong>on</strong> the elemental<br />
compositi<strong>on</strong> of three sedimentary rock substrates in South Africa. Bryologist 92: 407-410.<br />
[In rock occupied by Acarospora sinopica silic<strong>on</strong> depleti<strong>on</strong> occurs <strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>glomerate, arkose<br />
<strong>and</strong> dolomite. The lichen may affect its microenvir<strong>on</strong>ment so that the pH remains high<br />
enough to keep Si in soluti<strong>on</strong>, so that it is carried away from the lichen-occupied area,<br />
allowing diffusi<strong>on</strong> avenues to stay open. In lichen-free areas Si accumulates in the arkose<br />
<strong>and</strong> dolomite <strong>and</strong> is not or slightly depleted in the c<strong>on</strong>glomerate.]<br />
Kirschbaum, U. & Siegmund, A. (1988) Beurteilung der lufthygienischen Situati<strong>on</strong> Zwischen<br />
Koln und der Nordeifel anh<strong>and</strong> der epiphytischen Flechtenvegetati<strong>on</strong>. In Beitrage zur<br />
Flechtenkunde inNordwestdeutschl<strong>and</strong>(W'. Grooten <strong>and</strong> E. Woelm, eds) [Arbeitsberichte 13]:<br />
71-86. Minister: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Angew<strong>and</strong>te Geographie Miinster e.V. [Detailed <strong>air</strong><br />
polluti<strong>on</strong> study of lichen frequency <strong>and</strong> distributi<strong>on</strong>. Twenty-<strong>on</strong>e species distributi<strong>on</strong>frequency<br />
maps <strong>and</strong> IAP- <strong>and</strong> 5-z<strong>on</strong>al maps of the area.]
1990 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Literature</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong>—Henders<strong>on</strong> 177<br />
Korth, W. & Ruckert, D. (1988) Bibliographic lichenologischer Bibliographien. Flechten: Lichenes.<br />
Bibliography <strong>on</strong> Lichenological Bibliographies. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 104:<br />
1-153. [Forty-nine of the items listed are indexed under 'Air polluti<strong>on</strong>'.]<br />
Krai, R., Kryzova, L. & Liska, J. (1989) Background c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of lead <strong>and</strong> cadmium in the<br />
lichen Hypogymnia physodes at different altitudes. The Science of the Total Envir<strong>on</strong>ment 84:<br />
201-209. [Pb <strong>and</strong> Cd c<strong>on</strong>tents were examined in Hypogymnia physodes at different distances<br />
from a lightly trafficked road in Bohemian localities with different levels of polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> at<br />
different altitudes. Pb c<strong>on</strong>tent increased linearly with altitude, whereas Cd c<strong>on</strong>tent<br />
increased up to 900-1100 m altitude <strong>and</strong> then decreased.]<br />
Kryuchkov, V. V. & Syroid, N. A. (1988) Izmeneniebioindikatorov severotayozhnykh ekosistem<br />
v usloviyakh aerotekhnogennogo vozdeistviya. [Changes in bioindicators of the northern<br />
taiga ecosystems under c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of anthropogenic influence.] In Ekotoksikologia i okhrana<br />
prirody, tezisy dokladov respublikanskogo seminara 15-18 fevralya 1988 Jurmala. [Ecotoxicology<br />
<strong>and</strong> nature c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong>. Papers from the Proceedings of the Republican Seminar, held <strong>on</strong><br />
15-18 February 1988 at Jurmala.] (D. A. Krivolutskii, ed.): 87-89. Riga, Latvia: Riga<br />
Institute of Botany. [S, Cu <strong>and</strong> Ni c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s in Hypogymnia physodes transplants <strong>and</strong><br />
in Picea obovata needles. During 15 m<strong>on</strong>ths of exposure to polluti<strong>on</strong> in four z<strong>on</strong>es, S levels<br />
increased twice as much as background levels, Ni 16—232 times, <strong>and</strong> Cu 17-334 times.]<br />
Kryzova, L. (1987) Obsah tezkych kovu v lisejniku Hypogymnia physodes na Sumave. [Heavy<br />
metal c<strong>on</strong>tent in the lichen Hypogymnia physodes in the Sumava Mountains.] Sumava,<br />
Vimperk et Susice 26: 4—6. [Preliminary report of some of the material in Krai et al. (1989)<br />
above.]<br />
Leuckert, C. & Rux, K.-D. (1988) Neufunde v<strong>on</strong> epiphytischen und epigaischen Flechten in<br />
Berlin (West) mit einer Bemerkung iiber schiitzenswerte Biotope. Verh<strong>and</strong>lungen Berliner<br />
Botanisches Vereins 6: 41-46. [Fifteen lichen taxa are newly reported from West Berlin,<br />
mostly relict, not newcomers. Preservati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> management measures are recommended<br />
for some lichenologically valuable terricolous habitats.]<br />
Linders, H.-W. (1988) Flechtenkunde und Naturschutz: Erfahrungen im L<strong>and</strong>kreis Leer/<br />
Ostfriesl<strong>and</strong>. In Beitrage zur Flechtenkunde in Nordwestdeutschl<strong>and</strong> (W. Grooten <strong>and</strong> E.<br />
Woelm, eds) [Arbeitsberichte 13]: 37-47. Miinster: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Angew<strong>and</strong>te<br />
Geographie Miinster e.V. [Discussi<strong>on</strong> of the <strong>lichens</strong> recorded from the regi<strong>on</strong> deals mainly<br />
with their indicator role <strong>and</strong> its significance for c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Liska, J. (1989) Bioindikacni vyuziti sitoveho mapovani epifytickych lisejniku na prikladu<br />
Cernokostelecka. [The use of net mapping of epiphytic <strong>lichens</strong> for bioindicati<strong>on</strong>, illustrated<br />
by example of the regi<strong>on</strong> of Kostelec nad Cernymi lesy.] Sbornik Ustavu Aplikovane<br />
Ekologie a Ekotechniky Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske v Praze Praha 7(1988): 65—85. [Air<br />
polluti<strong>on</strong> from remote point <strong>and</strong> diffuse sources, <strong>and</strong> intensive agriculturizati<strong>on</strong> over a l<strong>on</strong>g<br />
period are major influences <strong>on</strong> the epiphytic <strong>lichens</strong> of a regi<strong>on</strong> lying between a largely<br />
forestless area al<strong>on</strong>g the Elbe <strong>and</strong> a more variable wooded l<strong>and</strong>scape. Al<strong>on</strong>g the Elbe the<br />
lichen flora is poor. More basic fields in the wooded area c<strong>on</strong>tain relict <strong>and</strong> more sensitive<br />
species. Here net mapping with indicator species revealed an overall gradient.]<br />
Liska, J. & Pisut, I. (1989) An example of bioindicati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> a large scale: mapping of<br />
<strong>lichens</strong> in Czechoslovakia. In Proceedings of the 5th Internati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>ference, Bioindicatores<br />
Deteriorisati<strong>on</strong>is Regi<strong>on</strong>is (J. Bohac & V. Ruzicka, eds): 81—86. Ceske Budejovice: Institute<br />
of L<strong>and</strong>scape Ecology. [Discussi<strong>on</strong> of lichen indicati<strong>on</strong> mapping in Czechoslovakia, of<br />
the methods employed <strong>and</strong> of some c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s reached. Notes <strong>on</strong> Hypogymnia physodes,<br />
Buellia punctata, Lobaria pulm<strong>on</strong>aria, Ramalina fraxinea, Parmelia revoluta, Lecanora<br />
c<strong>on</strong>izaeoides <strong>and</strong> Scoliciosporum chlorococcum.]<br />
Lo<strong>on</strong>ey, J. H. H. & James, P. W. (1988) Effects <strong>on</strong> <strong>lichens</strong>. In Acid Rain <strong>and</strong> Britain's Natural<br />
Ecosystems (M. A. Ashmore, N. J. B. Bell <strong>and</strong> C. Garretty, eds): 13-25. L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>: Imperial<br />
College. [Basic review of work <strong>on</strong> <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong>, including acid rain studies, with<br />
a c<strong>on</strong>cluding secti<strong>on</strong> describing investigati<strong>on</strong>s at present underway <strong>and</strong> some future<br />
research directi<strong>on</strong>s.]<br />
Liihmann, H.-J., Wietschorke, G. & Kreeb, K. H. (1989) Influences of combined temperature,<br />
lead <strong>and</strong> herbicide stresses <strong>on</strong> lichen fluorescence <strong>and</strong> their mathematical modelling. Photosynthetica<br />
23:71-76. [Experiments were c<strong>on</strong>ducted to test effects of two simultaneous stress<br />
factors <strong>on</strong> chlorophyll in-vivo fluorescence. When two antag<strong>on</strong>istic stress factors (herbicide<br />
Ustinex <strong>and</strong> Pb(NO,) 2 ) were applied to Hypogymnia physodes, the effect of diur<strong>on</strong>
178 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.22<br />
dominated. Temperature <strong>and</strong> Pb(NO,) 2> two synergistic stress factors, had an overadditive<br />
effect.]<br />
Macher, M. & Steubing, L. (1986) Flechten als Bioindikatoren zur immissi<strong>on</strong>sokologischen<br />
Waldzust<strong>and</strong>serfassung im Nati<strong>on</strong>alpark Bayerischer Wald. Verh<strong>and</strong>lungen der Gesellschaft<br />
fur Okologie 14: 335-342. [In the Bavarian Forest Nati<strong>on</strong>al Park area, 30 <strong>lichens</strong> have<br />
been recorded <strong>on</strong> Picea abies, <strong>and</strong> 72 <strong>on</strong> Fagus sylvatica <strong>and</strong> Acer pseudoplatanus. Lichen<br />
frequency afforded less differentiati<strong>on</strong> between areas than degree of vitality.]<br />
Mahii, M. (1989) Polluti<strong>on</strong> atmospherique et <strong>lichens</strong> dans la ville de Santiago du Chili. Mycotax<strong>on</strong><br />
34:407-428. [Lichen mapping in Santiago de Chile with discussi<strong>on</strong> of climatic, topographic<br />
<strong>and</strong> pollutant data. Lichens were present in all study areas.]<br />
Mejstfik, V. (1984) Lisejniky a znecisteni ovzdusi v okoli Pfibrami. [Lichens <strong>and</strong> <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> in<br />
the Pribram area.] Vlastivedny Sbormk Podbrdska, Pfibram 22(1982): 207-238. [IAP<br />
mapping of epiphytic <strong>lichens</strong> of the Pribram regi<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Moberg, R. (1988) Synpunkter pa floravardsarbetet pa kryptogamsidan. Svensk Botanisk<br />
Tidskrift 82: 401-402. [Site protecti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> a decrease in <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> are the two main<br />
desider<strong>and</strong>a for c<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong> of red data (categories 0-4) bryophytes (216), fungi (c.500) <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>lichens</strong> (24) in Sweden.]<br />
Nash III, T. H., Boucher, V. L. & Schlesinger, W. H. (1989) The potential role of fruticose<br />
epiphytic <strong>lichens</strong> in ecosystem processes. American Journal of Botany 76(6 Supplement): 2.<br />
[Abstract <strong>on</strong>ly of a c<strong>on</strong>ference paper. See Albrecht (1989) above for details. Lichens add<br />
substantial vertical structure to forest canopies <strong>and</strong> may be more important than vascular<br />
plants in such processes as atmospheric aerosol intercepti<strong>on</strong>. Retenti<strong>on</strong> of dry depositi<strong>on</strong> as<br />
gaseous <strong>and</strong> paniculate aerosols may matter more than intercepti<strong>on</strong> of wet depositi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Initial results with SO 2 indicate that lichen absorpti<strong>on</strong> capacity may exceed that of vascular<br />
plants by a factor up to 5000. NO, <strong>and</strong> NH 4 * i<strong>on</strong>s can be accumulated at c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
exceeding whole ecosystem fluxesif lichen biomass is in the 700-3300 kg ha ' range.]<br />
Newt<strong>on</strong>, D. P. & Newt<strong>on</strong>, L. D. (1989) Lichenometry: fieldwork for schools <strong>and</strong> colleges. Journal<br />
of Biological Educati<strong>on</strong> 23:125-128. [Introductory feature includes a brief note <strong>on</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> as<br />
indicators of <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Norby, R. J. & Sigal, L. L. (1989) Nitrogen fixati<strong>on</strong>in the lichen Lobaria pulm<strong>on</strong>aria in elevated<br />
atmospheric carb<strong>on</strong> dioxide. Oecologia 79: 566-568. [Lobaria pulm<strong>on</strong>aria from Douglas Fir<br />
forest near Corvallis was submitted to 20 to 40 days CO, c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of 374 <strong>and</strong> 700 ^11 '.<br />
Nitrogenase activity doubled. Increased lichen nitrogen fixati<strong>on</strong> may be important in<br />
ecosystem resp<strong>on</strong>se to rising CO, levels.]<br />
Papastefanou, C, Manalopoulou, M. & Sawadis, T. (1989) Lichens <strong>and</strong> mosses: Biological<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itors of radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl reactor accident. Journal of Envir<strong>on</strong>mental<br />
Radioactivity 9: 199-207. [Post-Chernobyl c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s of " 7 Cs in <strong>lichens</strong> (Evenna<br />
prunastri, Clad<strong>on</strong>ia furcata, C. c<strong>on</strong>voluta, C. rangiformis, Anaptychia ciliaris, Xanthoria<br />
parietina, Physcia spp., Collema spp., Parmelia liliacea <strong>and</strong> Ramalina fraxinea) ranged from<br />
1070 to 14 560 Bq kg 1 . ' 06 Ru, H4 Ce, 125 Sb <strong>and</strong> " Om Ag were also measured. Includes a gamma<br />
spectrum for 'hot' Anaptychia ciliaris <strong>and</strong> a table of radi<strong>on</strong>uclide c<strong>on</strong>tents in <strong>lichens</strong> from<br />
three main localities.]<br />
Piervittori, R. & Sampo, S. 1987/1988. Lichen col<strong>on</strong>izati<strong>on</strong> of the st<strong>on</strong>e-works: The fr<strong>on</strong>t of<br />
Vezzolano Abbey, Asti (Piedm<strong>on</strong>t) Italy. Alli<strong>on</strong>ia 28:93-102. [Examinati<strong>on</strong> of the <strong>lichens</strong> of<br />
a Piedm<strong>on</strong>tese abbey facade (12th century) <strong>and</strong> of some mechanisms of chemical <strong>and</strong><br />
biotic deteriorati<strong>on</strong>, particularly the role of <strong>lichens</strong>, e.g. Lecanora muralis, L. albescens,<br />
L. dispersa, C<strong>and</strong>elanella medians, C. aurella, Lecania erysibe, Physcoma grisea <strong>and</strong> Verrucaria<br />
sp.]<br />
Pujmanova, L. & Soldan, Z. (1985) Lichenofloristicka a bryofloristicka studie S.P.R. Jezerka v<br />
Krusnych horach. [Lichenofloristic <strong>and</strong> bryofloristic study of the Jezerka nature reserve in<br />
the Krusnehory Mountains.] Severoceskou Pfirodou, Litomefice 17: 29-39. [Recent results<br />
are compared with 1931 literature data. Thirty-four species of lichen were found, 49 having<br />
disappeared probably due to <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong>. Only two epiphytic <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>and</strong> no epiphytic<br />
bryophytes were found.]<br />
Richards<strong>on</strong>, D. H. S. & Dowding, P. (1989) Studies <strong>on</strong> leaf yeast populati<strong>on</strong>s in relati<strong>on</strong> to <strong>air</strong><br />
quality <strong>and</strong> lichen distributi<strong>on</strong> in Europe. American Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement):<br />
12. [Abstract <strong>on</strong>ly of a c<strong>on</strong>ference paper. See Albrecht (1989) above for details. Leaf yeasts<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> yield complementary informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>air</strong> quality.]
1990 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Literature</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong>—Henders<strong>on</strong> 179<br />
Rissanen, K. & Rahola, T. (1989) Cs-137 c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> in reindeer <strong>and</strong> its fodder plants. The<br />
Science of the Total Envir<strong>on</strong>ment 85: 199-206. [Dry weight 137 Cs c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s in Finnish<br />
Lappl<strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong>, which peaked at 2500 Bq kg' in the mid-1960s, were reduced to 74-<br />
460 Bq kg ' in ground <strong>lichens</strong> (Clad<strong>on</strong>ia, Catraria <strong>and</strong> Stereocaul<strong>on</strong>) <strong>and</strong> to 47-200 Bq kg"'<br />
in arboreal <strong>lichens</strong> {Alectoria, Bryoria <strong>and</strong> Usnea). After the Chernobyl accident levels rose<br />
to 200-2100 Bq kg ' in ground <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>and</strong> 160-1900 Bq kg ' in arboreal <strong>lichens</strong>.]<br />
Roy-Arc<strong>and</strong>, L., Delisle, C. E. & Briere, F. G. (1989) Effects of simulated acid precipitati<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>on</strong> the metabolic activity of Cladina stellaris. Canadian Journal of Botany 67: 1796-1802.<br />
[Effects of rain pH (2, 3, 4 <strong>and</strong> 5) <strong>and</strong> sulphate:nitrate ratios (2:1 <strong>and</strong> 6:1) <strong>on</strong> Cladina<br />
stellaris from Knujjuarapik, Quebec, were studied. At pH 2-3 podetial tips showed<br />
reduced metabolic activity, <strong>and</strong> at pH 4-5 enhanced growth. A threshold res<strong>on</strong>se to acid<br />
precipitati<strong>on</strong> near pH 3-5 is indicated.]<br />
Scott, M. G. & Hutchins<strong>on</strong>, T. C. (1989) Morphological <strong>and</strong> chemical studies of epiphytic<br />
<strong>lichens</strong> from high elevati<strong>on</strong> cloud forests as indicators of atmospheric polluti<strong>on</strong>. American<br />
Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 13. [Abstract <strong>on</strong>ly of a c<strong>on</strong>ference paper. See Albrecht<br />
(1989) above for details. German <strong>and</strong> North American populati<strong>on</strong>s of Hypogymniaphysodes,<br />
<strong>on</strong> balsam fir<strong>and</strong> red spruce showing moderate decline, had higher levels of Mn, Ca, Mg, K<br />
<strong>and</strong> S than <strong>lichens</strong> from clean sites. At severely declining sites these nutrients were depleted.<br />
Lichen tissue chemistry showed high levels of Fe, Zn, Al <strong>and</strong> Pb; all metals sensitive to<br />
mobilizati<strong>on</strong> by acidity. Morphology <strong>and</strong> cell structure of lichen epiphytes from acidified<br />
forests showed lobe aberrancies, abnormally high producti<strong>on</strong> of reproductive structures,<br />
starch <strong>and</strong> lipid accumulati<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> necrosis <strong>and</strong> plasmolysis of algal cells.]<br />
Scott, M. G., Hutchins<strong>on</strong>, T. C. & Feth, M. J. (1989) A comparis<strong>on</strong> of the effects <strong>on</strong> Canadian<br />
boreal forest <strong>lichens</strong> of nitric <strong>and</strong> sulfuric acids as sources of rain acidity. New Phytologist<br />
111:663-672. [Cladina rangiferina <strong>and</strong> C. stellaris plots in boreal forest were sprayed for two<br />
years with artificial rain (pH 4-2, 3-2 or 2-8 <strong>and</strong> at four different sulphate:nitrate ratios).<br />
Short-term growth stimulati<strong>on</strong> was observed in rain at pH 4-2 with high nitrate, but not in<br />
most acid sprays. No l<strong>on</strong>g-term benefit from acid rain inputs is c<strong>on</strong>sidered likely.]<br />
Seaward, M. R. D. (1989a) C<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>lichens</strong> to ecosystems. In H<strong>and</strong>book of Lichenology<br />
(M. Galun, ed.): 107-129. Boca Rat<strong>on</strong>, Florida: C.R.C. Press, Inc. [Reviews work <strong>on</strong> the<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>lichens</strong> to ecosystems, <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>siders inter alia the role of <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> in<br />
some m<strong>on</strong>ospecific communities; mineral cycling processes; <strong>and</strong> lichen diversity-crypsis<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ships.]<br />
Seaward, M. R. D. (19896) Air polluti<strong>on</strong>, <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>and</strong> the peppered moth: adapting biological<br />
m<strong>on</strong>itoring to modern problems. American Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 14.<br />
[Abstract <strong>on</strong>ly of a c<strong>on</strong>ference paper. See Albrecht (1989) above for details. Lichen <strong>and</strong> algal<br />
species limitati<strong>on</strong> by <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> has encouraged the spread of fungal parasites with a<br />
predilecti<strong>on</strong> for poleotolerant species. Species-poor communities still dominate substrata.<br />
Changes in the ratio lichen-diversity:populati<strong>on</strong> numbers of Bist<strong>on</strong> betularia are<br />
discussed.]<br />
Siegel, S. M. & Daly, O. (1968) Resp<strong>on</strong>se of Clad<strong>on</strong>ia rangiferina to experimental stress factors.<br />
Botanical Gazette 129: 339-345. [Effects <strong>on</strong> Clad<strong>on</strong>ia rangiferina of inter alia exposure to<br />
500 krads of gamma-radiati<strong>on</strong> under N 2 . After 10 days tissue was pale yellow, flaccid<strong>and</strong><br />
beginning to disintegrate.]<br />
Silberstein, L. & Galun, M. (1989) Polluti<strong>on</strong> resistance mechanisms in the lichen Xanthoria<br />
parietina. American Journal of Botany 76 (6 Supplement): 15. [Abstract <strong>on</strong>ly of a c<strong>on</strong>ference<br />
paper. See Albrecht (1989) above for details. Xanthoria parietina in polluted sites in Israel<br />
has fivetimes more glutathi<strong>on</strong>e, several times more proline <strong>and</strong> arginine, <strong>and</strong> more alanine<br />
than in clean <strong>air</strong> sites. Superoxide dismutase activity in X. parietina is unaffected by<br />
exposure to H 2 SO 3 .]<br />
Sochting, U. (1989) Xanthoria elegans spreading in Denmark. Graphis Scripta 2:167. [Xanthoria<br />
elegans was unrecorded in Denmark until 1988, although mortar has been in use for<br />
centuries <strong>and</strong> asbestos was introduced in 1929. It is suggested X. elegans may be an indicator<br />
of <strong>air</strong>borne N depositi<strong>on</strong>.]<br />
Szerbin, P. & Popov, D. K. (1988) Transfer of radium-228, thorium-228 <strong>and</strong> radium-226 from<br />
forage to cattle <strong>and</strong> reindeer. Journal of Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Radioactivity 8:129-141. [Including<br />
tabulati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> discussi<strong>on</strong> of Ra <strong>and</strong> Th isotope c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s in reindeer lichen forage<br />
(species unspecified).]
180 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.22<br />
Taylor, H. W., Svoboda, J., Henry, G. H. R. & Wein, R. W. (1988) Post-Chernobyl cesium-<br />
134 <strong>and</strong> cesium-137 levels at some localities in northern Canada. Arctic 41: 293-296.<br />
[Comparis<strong>on</strong> of post-Chernobyl l37 Cs c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s in <strong>lichens</strong>, moss <strong>and</strong> caribou meat<br />
from high <strong>and</strong> central arctic Canada. Lichens from the central arctic regi<strong>on</strong> showed " ; Cs<br />
increase of 14°,,, from boreal Wood Buffalo Nati<strong>on</strong>al Park 19° (> . Lichens from Ellesmere<br />
Isl<strong>and</strong> had no detectable 137 Cs. Chernobyl fallout over northern Canada was insignificant<br />
compared with that in the USSR, Sc<strong>and</strong>inavia <strong>and</strong> central Europe.]<br />
Thrower, S. L. (1988) H<strong>on</strong>g K<strong>on</strong>g Lichens. H<strong>on</strong>g K<strong>on</strong>g: Urban Council. [Introductory pages 5-14<br />
include various notes <strong>on</strong> <strong>lichens</strong> <strong>and</strong> the history of <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> in H<strong>on</strong>g K<strong>on</strong>g. See Thrower<br />
(1978) listed in XI <strong>and</strong> Thrower (1980) listed in XV of this series.]<br />
Umlauff-Zimmermann, R. & Kreines, K. (1989) Passives M<strong>on</strong>itoring in Waldokosystemen.<br />
Verh<strong>and</strong>lungen der Gesellschaftfiir Okologie 16:85—90. [In a statewide <strong>air</strong> quality m<strong>on</strong>itoring<br />
programme, permanent plots were established <strong>and</strong> effects <strong>on</strong> forest ecosystems were studied<br />
using passive m<strong>on</strong>itoring techniques. Lichens were am<strong>on</strong>g biota examined as reacti<strong>on</strong><br />
indicators.]<br />
Wetmore, C. M. (1985) Lichens of the Theodore Roosevelt Nati<strong>on</strong>al Park. Mycotax<strong>on</strong> 23:<br />
241-249. [See Wetmore (19836) listed in XXVII of this series.]<br />
Wetmore, C. M. (1988a) Lichens of Sleeping Bear Dunes Nati<strong>on</strong>al Lakeshore. Michigan Botanist<br />
27: 111-118. [See Wetmore (1988c) below.]<br />
Wetmore, C. M. (19886) Lichens <strong>and</strong> Air Quality in Pictured Rocks Nati<strong>on</strong>al Lakeshore. (Final<br />
Report, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Park Service. C<strong>on</strong>tract CX0001-22-0034 <strong>and</strong> USDI PX6000-7-0731.)<br />
[Records of 235 lichen taxa provide a base-list for future studies. No evidence to date of<br />
polluti<strong>on</strong> was observed, but a slight gradient of increasing sulphur towards Munising needs<br />
watching.]<br />
Wetmore, C. M. (1988c) Lichens <strong>and</strong> Air Quality in Sleeping Bear Dunes Nati<strong>on</strong>al Lakeshore.<br />
(Final Report, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Park Service. C<strong>on</strong>tract CX0001-22-0034 <strong>and</strong> USDI PX6000-7-<br />
0731.) [Detailed distributi<strong>on</strong> study with lichen maps, <strong>and</strong> element analysis (figures for<br />
Cladina rangiferina <strong>and</strong> Hypogymnia physodes) found no indicati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> effects.]<br />
Wetmore, C. M. (1988d) Lichens <strong>and</strong> Air Quality in Apostle Isl<strong>and</strong>s Nati<strong>on</strong>al Lakeshore. (Final<br />
Report, Nati<strong>on</strong>al Parks Service. C<strong>on</strong>tract CX0001-22-0034 <strong>and</strong> USDI PX6000-7-0731.)<br />
[No indicati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> effects seen. Element analysis figuresfor Cladina rangiferina,<br />
Hypogymnia physodes <strong>and</strong> Evernia mesomorpha.]<br />
Wetmore, C. M. (1989a) Lichens <strong>and</strong> <strong>air</strong> quality in Cuyahoga Valley Nati<strong>on</strong>al Recreati<strong>on</strong> Area,<br />
Ohio. Bryologist 92: 273-281. [Only21° o of 151 <strong>lichens</strong> recorded for two counties between<br />
1895 <strong>and</strong> 1917 were found in 1985. Much lichen injury was seen. Parmelia rudecta had high<br />
S levels. Poor <strong>air</strong> quality is held to be the cause.]<br />
Wetmore, C. M. (19896) Lichens <strong>and</strong> Air Quality in White Mountain Nati<strong>on</strong>al Forest Wilderness<br />
Areas. (Final Report, US Forest Service. C<strong>on</strong>tract USDA 40-1484-7-614.) [No lichen<br />
impoverishment was observed, but some species, reported previously <strong>and</strong> not found now<br />
may have been lost owing to regi<strong>on</strong>al <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong>. Element <strong>and</strong> analysis figuresfor Cladina<br />
rangiferina, C. stygia, Evernia mesomorpha <strong>and</strong> Hypogymnia physodes.]<br />
Wetmore, C. M. (1989c) Lichens <strong>and</strong> Air Quality in Cape Romain Nati<strong>on</strong>al Wildlife Refuge. (Final<br />
Report, US Fish <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Service. C<strong>on</strong>tract FWS6-87-1103) [No lichen degradati<strong>on</strong> due<br />
to <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> was established in this survey, but rarity of three intermediately sensitive<br />
species suggests the need for futher m<strong>on</strong>itoring, as do S levels in <strong>on</strong>e species <strong>on</strong> Bull Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> the Isle of Palms. Element analysis figuresfor Cladina subtenuis, Clad<strong>on</strong>ia leporina <strong>and</strong><br />
Parmelia rigidia.]<br />
Wietschorke, G., Luhmann, H.-J. & Kreeb, K. H. (1985) Erfassungkleinraumiger Immissi<strong>on</strong>sbelastung<br />
durch transplantierte Flechten. Verh<strong>and</strong>lungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie 13:<br />
653-656. [Single lobe growth (macrophotography) <strong>and</strong> net assimilati<strong>on</strong> rates were compared<br />
in Parmelia sulcata transplants in high traffic density areas of Esslingen, Neckar,<br />
south-western Germany; lobe growth was the more sensitive indicator.]<br />
Yoshimura, I., Kurokawa, T., Nakano, T. & Yamamoto, Y. (1987) A preliminary report of<br />
cultures of Clad<strong>on</strong>ia vulcani <strong>and</strong> the effects of the hydrogen i<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> them.<br />
Bulletin of Kochi Gakuen College 18: 335-343. [Clad<strong>on</strong>ia vulcani cultures grow best in pH 4<br />
media; symbiotic algae (Trebouxia excentrica) grow well between pH 4 <strong>and</strong> pH 9. Soil in<br />
natural habitats of C. vulcani shows a pH of 5-5. Discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> growth-curve diagrams for<br />
C. vulcani <strong>and</strong> T. excentrica at different pH levels.]
1990 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Literature</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>air</strong> polluti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>lichens</strong>—Henders<strong>on</strong> 181<br />
Zobel, K. (1988) Izuchenie razgranichitel'noi sposobnosti pokazatelei struktury epifitnogo<br />
lishainikovogo pokrova. [Studies <strong>on</strong> the differentiating ability of structure characteristics<br />
of lichen cover.] Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Est<strong>on</strong>ian S.S.R., Biology 37:<br />
223—233. [Two diversity indices <strong>and</strong> four IAP forms were compared using lichen data.<br />
Differentiating ability was better when the IAP indices were employed, but the four forms of<br />
the IAP index had equivalent differentiating capacities.]<br />
I am grateful to Professors D. L. Hawksworth <strong>and</strong> D. H. S. Richards<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> to Drs V. Alstrup,<br />
H. Bartholmess, K. Bartok, D. H. Brown, S. C. Clark, B.-E. V. J<strong>on</strong>es, J. Liska, H.-J. Luhmann,<br />
M. R. D. Seaward, C. M. Wetmore <strong>and</strong> E. Woelm for drawing certain items to my attenti<strong>on</strong>; to the<br />
staff of the British Lending Library, Nature C<strong>on</strong>servancy Library <strong>and</strong> Edward Boyle Library,<br />
Leeds University, for their assistance; <strong>and</strong> to Professor G. F. Leedale for providing facilities.<br />
Accepted for publicati<strong>on</strong> 9 January 1990