Literature on Air Pollution and Lichens XXXIV

Lkhenologist 23(4): 393-401 (1991)
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS
XXXIV*
A. HENDERSON+
Achtel, M., Achtel, V., Diehl, P. Dobbelmann, B., Domizlaff, U., Graff, D., Klinck, A.,
Schohl, S. & Wollowski, R. with John, V. (1986) Kartierung der epiphytischen Flechten in
Kaiserslaulern als Indikaloren der Luftqualitdt 1985186: 1-8 + 3 maps. Kaiserslautem: Bund
fur Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e. V. Kreisgruppe Kaiserslautern. [Three-zonal
mapping of lichens in Kaiserslautern in 1985-1986, using species distribution and cover.
Comparison with a 1977 map. Consequences for town-planning.]
Ahman, B. (1990) Transfer of radiocaesium from lichen to reindeer. Rangifer (1990,special issue
4): 67-68. [Examination of the influence of lichen intake on radiocaesium transference to
reindeer in Sweden after Chernobyl. A 73" O lichen diet resulted in muscle concentrations of
0-5 times daily intake of " 7 Cs; 40",, and 12° 0 lichen diets resulted in muscle concentrations
0-35 times daily 137 Cs intake.]
Allaye-Chan, A. C, White, R. G., Holleman, D. F. & Russell, D. E. (1990) Seasonal concentrations
of cesium-137 in rumen content, skeletal muscles and feces of caribou from Porcupine
herd: lichen ingestion rates and implications for human consumption. Rangifer (1990,
special issue 3): 17-24. [Details on radiocaesium concentrations in caribou from north-west
Alaska and the Yukon, monitored in 1987 owing to post-Chernobyl concern over meat
contamination. Levels peaked in March at 133 Bq/kg fresh weight.]
Arvidsson, L. (1991) On the importance of botanical gardens for lichens in the Asian tropics. In
Tropical Lichens: Their Systematics, Conservation, and Ecology. {The Systematics Association
Special Volume 43) (D. J. Galloway, ed.): 193-199. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Amongst
several factors favouring lichen floral diversity in botanical gardens is ' the presence of
surrounding vegetation and bark that to some extent absorbs and buffers air pollution. '
Lichen transplantation techniques are discussed.]
Bargagli, R. (1990) Assessment of metal air pollution by epiphytic lichens: the incidence of
crustal materials and of the possible uptake from substrate barks. Studia Geobotanica 10:
97-103. [Levels of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were measured in Parmelia sulcata and soil from
Mt Amiata, central Italy. Data on concentrations of these elements in outer and inner tree
bark (oak, chestnut and beech) suggest uptake from substratum is unlikely.]
Bargagli, R. & Barghigiani, C. (1991) Lichen biomonitoring of mercury emission and deposition
in mining, geothermal and volcanic areas of Italy. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 16: 265-275. [Likeliest sources of Hg concentrations in Mt Amiata epiphytic
lichens are gaseous emissions from mine shafts, soil, vegetation and wet and dry deposition.
Levels in epiphytic Parmelia sulcata (on chestnut) and Xanthoria parietina (on white poplar
and robinia) from Mt Amiata are 3-10 x as high as those in Physcia biziana and X. parietina
from Lardarello with a geothermal power-plant established in 1904. Mt Amiata has Hg
mineralization; Lardarello has not. Hg levels in 5 Parmelia spp., Ramalina farinacea and
X. parietina from Mt Etna, and in 3 Parmelia spp. and X. parietina from Vulcano Island
showed that Hg emission from southern Italian active volcanoes is not a very significant
source for Mediterranean biota.]
Barghigiani, C, Bargagli, R., Gioffre, D. & Pellegrini, D. (1989) Studia preliminare sulla
presenza di mercurio nell' ecosistema del Monte Etna. Preliminary study of mercury
presence in the ecosystem of Mount Etna. In Ecologia (S.I.T.E. Alti 7). Atti 3 congresso
della Societa Italiana di Ecologia, Siena, 1987. 2. (G. Montalenti, A. Renzoni and A. Anelli,
eds): 571-573. Parma: Edizioni Zara. [Examination in July 1986 of Hg in Mt Etna ecosystem.
Data include measurements for Hg concentrations in Parmelia and Ramalina.}
*XXXIII in Lichenologist 23: 197-203 (1991)
^Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
0024-2829 91 040393 + 09 S03.00/0 © 1991 The British Lichen Society

394 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.23
Barghigiani, C, Bargagli, R., Siegel, B. Z. & Siegel, S. M. (1990) A comparative study of
mercury distribution on the aeolian volcanoes, Vulcano and Stromboli. Water, Air and Soil
Pollution 53: 179-188. [Hg contents in vegetation, soil and atmosphere of Volcano and
Stromboli were low. Atmospheric gaseous Hg was as high as levels found at sites near
cinnabar deposits. See Bargagli & Barghigiani (1991) above.]
Barkman, J. J. (1990) Ecological differences between Calluna- and Empetrum-dominated dry
heath communities in Drenthe, The Netherlands. Ada Botamca Neerlandica 39: 75-92.
[Data presented includes figuresfor percentage decrease of 5 Cladonia species in Empetrum
heaths, with NH, and SO, air pollution a suggested cause.]
Boissiere, J.-C. (1990) Les lichens saxicoles et terricoles de la foret de Fontainebleau. Bulletin
de la Societe Botanique de France 137: 175-195. [Weak air pollution is amongst factors
considered responsible for the severe threat to the lichens of Fontainebleau forest.]
Boonpragob, K. & Nash III, T. H. (1990) Seasonal variation of elemental status in the lichen
Ramalina menziesii Tayl. from two sites in southern California: evidence for dry deposition
accumulation. Environmental and Experimental Botany 30: 415^428. [Element content
patterns observed in R. menziesii at an unpolluted control site and at a highly polluted
transplant site showed leachate element concentrations higher in summer than in winter.
High teachable concentrations were only found in dry spells and could be attributed to dry
deposition.]
Chen,J.-B. (1989) <strong>Literature</strong> on Chinese lichenology 1955-1987. Acta Bryolichenologica Asiatica
1: 57-64. [A bibliography of 74 items of which 3 are directly concerned with air pollution
studies.]
Cieslinski, S. (1990) List of threatened lichens in Poland: some comments. In Conservation of
Fungi and Other Cryptogams in Europe ' Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe; Szlakami Nauki
18) (A. E. Jansen and M. Lawrynowicz, eds): 90-103. Lodz: Lodz Society of Sciences and
Arts. [480 species of Polish lichens are endangered, the highest percentage (29",,) of any
branch of cryptogams or phanerogams, indicating their high sensitivity to air pollution
and other anthropogenic influences. Epiphytes appear most endangered. Despite the
supra-regional range of pollutant factors, the degree of danger varies greatly from region to
region.]
Danin, A. & Caneva, G. (1990) Deterioration of limestone walls in Jerusalem and marble monuments
in Rome caused by cyanobacteria and cyanophilous lichens. International Biodeterioration
26: 397-417. [Cyanobacteria and cyanophilous lichens colonize windward
walls in Jerusalem, turning white walls grey or black within a century. Rock particles near
the microorganisms are detached at a rate of 1 mm per 200 years. Roman marble monuments
bear dark patches of cyanobacteria, which promote particle detachment by rain and increase
weathering and pit formation. Biodeterioration activities of a few lichens, e.g. Collema
(chasmoendolithic) and Lecanora muralis, are particularized.]
Dowding, P. & Richardson, D. H. S. (1990) Leafyeasts as indicators of air quality in Europe.
Environmental Pollution 66: 223-235. [Includes a comparison of leaf yeast and lichen
data (with zonal maps) for Greater Dublin, Ireland, and a discussion of leaf yeasts as
bioindicators.]
Eikelmann, I. M. H., Bye, K. & Sletten, H. D. (1990) Seasonal variation of cesium 134 and
cesium 137 in semidomestic reindeer in Norway after the Chernobyl accident. Rangifer
(1990, special issue 3): 35-38. [Seasonal variations and decrease of radioactivity were
measured in three Norwegian areas with high 134 Cs and " v Cs levels in lichens, the main
winter feed.]
Ekman, S., Froberg, L., Karnefelt, I., Sundin, R. & Thor, G. (1991) New or interesting
lichens from Estonia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 28: 5-25. [It is noted (:6) that Lecanora
conizaeoides, common in south Sweden, is absent from the western Estonian flora, little
affected by air pollution. Some pollution-sensitive species, still found in Estonia, are
becoming rarer in south Sweden.]
Farkas, E. (1990) Lichen mapping in the Budapest agglomeration area (Hungary). Stuttgarter
Beitrdge zur Naturkunde, series A 456: 59-65. [Budapest's built-up area is an epiphytic
' lichen desert' with only Lecanora hagenii and Scoliciosporum chlorococcum recorded. In
two ' struggle zones ' small thalli of Hypogymnia physodes and Parmelia sulcata are appearing.
Mapping was continued in a reserve area to the north-west. Increasing air pollution
necessitates nationwide grid-mapping.]

1991 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 395
Farkas, E. & Patkai, T. (1989) Lichens as indicators of air pollution in the Budapest agglomeration.
2. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. thalli.
Ada Botanica Hungarica 35: 55-71. [Element analysis of Hungarian H. physodes (from
Budapest and the Pilis mountains). Anatomical structures showed great variation. Cell walls
in medullary hyphae were thickened owing to calcification. Underlying bark gave results
suggesting absorption from substratum.]
Farmer, A. M. (1991) The Effects of Dust on Vegetation and its Consequences for Nature Conservation
in Great Britain. ICSD Note 57j: 1-24. Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council.
[Review study of the effects of inert dusts, of limestone, cement, road, flyash and other dusts
on plant communities, with a section (:6-8) on effects on epiphytic and terricolous
lichens.]
Feige, G. B., Niemann, L. & Jahnke, S. (1990) Lichens and mosses: silent chronists of the
Chernobyl accident. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38: 63—77. [Lower plants have retained high
post-Chernobyl burdens of 134 Cs and 13 Cs, whereas annual vegetation shows diminished
levels. In South Germany and Middle Sweden radiocaesium burdens in mosses and lichens
can be over 40 000 Bq kg. Lichen apices and apothecia are the main areas of radionuclide
uptake with ' hot spots ' of fallout particles on lichen surfaces. Over western Europe lichen
radioactivity varies by factors of up to 1000.]
Giersberg, M. (1986) Zur Verbreitung ausgesuchter Flechtenarten in Einzugsgebiet von
Rostock. 3. Krustenformige Arten und Flechtenzonen. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschnft der
Wilhelm-Pieck-Universitdt Rostock. Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 35: 82-86. [Maps and
notes on distribution of Lecanora conizaeoides and Lepraria incana in the Rostock area.
Zonal map of Rostock combining data on fruticose, foliose and crustose lichens.]
Giersberg, M. (1986) Urbane Flechtenmuster im Rostocker Raum. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift
Karl-Marx-Universitdt Leipzig, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 35: 681-688.
[Qualitative and quantitative maps are used in an examination of lichen distribution in
Rostock, and urban influences are discussed.]
Giersberg, M. (1985) Zur Verbreitung ausgesuchter Flechtenarten in Einzugsgebiet von
Rostock. 1. Bandformige Arten. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Wilhelm-Pieck-Untversitdt
Rostock. Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 34: 61-68. [Maps and notes on distribution of
Ramalina farinacea, R.fraxinea, R.fastigiata and Evernia prunastri in the Rostock area.]
Giersberg, M. (1985) Zur Verbreitung ausgesuchter Flechtenarten in Einzugsgebiet von
Rostock. 2. Blattformige Arten. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Wilhelm-Pieck-Universitdt
Rostock. Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 34: 69-75. [Maps and notes on distribution of
Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata, Physcia adscendens and Xanthoria parietina in the
Rostock area.]
Gilbert, O. L. (1991) A successful transplant operation involving Lobaria amplissima. Lichenologist
23: 73-76. [Fourteen transplants of L. amplissima from ash to ash, oak and plane in
Lowther Park, Cumbria, were monitored over 10 years. Ten transplants succeeded; all
failures were in the first year. Such transplants can save some threatened species.]
Gliemeroth, A. K. (1990) Die Flechtenflora kranker Nadelbaume im Nordschwarzwald:
Okologische Untersuchungen zur Differenzierung zwischen Immissionsbelastung und epidemischer
Erkrankung. Dissertationes Botanicae 161: 1-148. [Comparison of lichen and tree
viability in an area with pollution from a strong local source and in others with background
emission levels.]
Glime, J. M. & Iwatsuki, Z. (1990) Niche characteristics of Cladonia lichens associated with
geothermal vents in Japan. Ecological Research 5: 131-141. [Includes comments on the
tolerance displayed by some Cladonia species for the unusual chemistry (low pH, high S and
heavy metal content) of soils associated with geothermal vents, ' perhaps explaining their
abundance in our study. ']
Gorshkov, V. V. (1986) Epifitye likheinosinuzii sosnovykh lesov kolskogo poluostrova (formirovanie,
ekologiya, vliyanie antropogennykh factorov. [Epiphytic lichen sinusiae of pine
forests (morphology, ecology, influence of anthropogenic factors).] Degree dissertation,
V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad. [Note particularly section 4 (Epiphytic
lichen cover in uncontaminated pine forests and the major decisive factors) and section 6
(Epiphytic lichen cover of pine forests in regions of atmospheric pollution) with a table of
lichen occurrence (29 species) and distance from pollution source. Russian only. See
Gorshkov (1989a,*) and Gorshkov & Lyanguzova (1989) listed in XXXIII.]

396 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.23
Goudey, J. S., Dale, M. & Hoddinott, J. (1986) The effect of oil spill chemicals on CO, assimilation
by the fruticose lichen Cladina mitis. Environmental Pollution, series A 42: 23-35.
[Although C. mitis was sensitive to treatment with oil-spill dispersants, suffering inhibition
of carbon fixationand thalline damage, not all thalli died and some recovery occurred after 3
weeks.]
Guillitte, O., de Brabant, B. & Gasia, M. C. (1990) Uses of mosses and lichens for the evaluation
of the radioactive fallout, deposits and flowsunder forest-cover. Memoires de la Socie'te
Royale de Botanique de Belgique 12: 89-99. [Paper presented at the symposium, Bryology
and Lichenology in Belgium, 26 November, 1988. Study of l)4 Cs and ' "Cs concentrations in
lichens and mosses of Belgium and Luxembourg. Interspecific radiocontamination varied
little. Forest cover and location on trees were significant factors in the degree of contamination
shown. Radiocaesium half-lives in these lower plants depend on the amount of
rainfall and washing they undergo. An important part of first deposits was retained 30
months after fallout. Tabulation of data and graphs of radiocaesium decrease in Hypogymnia
physodes.]
Hallingback, T. (1990) Transplanting Lobaria pulmonaria to new localities. Windahlia 18:
57-64. [Lobaria pulmonaria successfully transplanted in Sweden using soredia and thalline
fragments. Discussion includes points on the ethics of transplantation for reasons of
conservation.]
Hawksworth, D. L. (1990) The long-term effects of air pollutants on lichen communities in
Europe and North America. In The Earth in Transition: Patterns and processes of biotic
impoverishment (G. M. Woodwell, ed.): 45—64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[Review paper drawing attention to ' impoverishment in lichen communities arising from
the effect of air pollution ' and' the implications of the loss of lichens for other organisms and
the ecology of the site. ']
Hawksworth, D. L. & Seaward, M. R. D. (1990) 1. Lichen mapping projects in Europe. 1.
National projects. Twenty-five years of lichen mapping in Great Britain and Ireland.
Stuttgarter Beitrdge zur Naturkunde, series A 456: 5-10. [The huge potential now available
for data bases with biological records to be used in environmental evaluation and in the
service of conservation is pointed out. Mapping documentation is a vital element of that
increased availability.]
Herzig, R. (1990) Entwicklung des Integrierten biologischen Messsystems der Luftverschmutzung
mit Flechten in der Schweiz, seine Anwendung und erste Vergleiche mit
Bodenanalysen. VDI Berichte 837: 937-956. [Describes the development and application
of an integrated biological system for measurement of air pollution using lichens in
Switzerland, a combination of two earlier devised systems, the calibrated lichen bioindication
method and the passive biomonitoring system. Diagram, tabulation, and two-page
bioindication colour map of lichens, Pb and air contamination in Winterthur.]
Hoffmann, M., Quanten, E. & Caekebeke, G. (1988) Een korstmos ist nooit alleen. Natuur
Reservaten 10: 88/36-88/41. [Feature treating inter alia evolution of air pollution in
Flanders in the last decade.]
John, V. (1988) Flechten: Leben in Vielfalt. Die Pfalz am Rhein 4/88: 5. [Feature with mentions
of lichen bioindication and substratum variety. Colour print of lichens on a plastic
road-sign.]
John, V. (1989) Flechten in Hamburg als Anzeiger fur Umweltqualitdt: 1—47. Homburg-Saar:
Die Beigeordnete fur Natur- und Umweltschutz Marliese Agne. [Study of aspects of
lichen indication in Homburg. History, epiphytic distribution, mapping methodology,
etc.]
John, V. (1990) Flechtenkartierung in Rheinland-Pfalz. Stuttgarter Beitrdge zur Naturkunde,
series A 456: 177-183. [Mapping procedures and methodologies in Rheinland-Pfalz and
Saarland with notes on the importance of such bioindication studies and resultant data in a
region confronting severe environmental change.]
Kabata-Pendias, A. & Dudka, S. (1989) Evaluating baseline data for cadmium in soils and
plants in Poland. In Element Concentration Cadasters in Ecosystems (H. Lieth & B. Markert,
eds): 265-280. Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. [Includes figures for Cd content in
lichens (unspecified) from Poland as a whole, from north-east Poland, and from south-west
Poland where most point sources are located. Levels in lichens were generally considerably
higher than in other plants.]

1991 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 397
Kauppi, P., Anttila, P. & Kenttamies, K. (1990) Acid precipitation research in Finland. In
International Overview and Assessment. Advances in Environmental Science 5. Acid Precipitation.
(A. H. M. Bresser & W. Salomons, eds): 281-306. London: Springer-Verlag. [Brief
references to a strong decline in southern Finnish epiphytic lichens since 1950.]
Keith, I. C. & Dillon, P. J. (1990) Acidic precipitation research in Canada. In International
Overview and Assessment. Advances in Environmental Science 5. Acid precipitation. (A. H. M.
Bresser and W. Salomons, eds): 1-40. London: Springer-Verlag. [Brief note on pollution
indication using lichens and mosses.]
Kondratyuk, S. & Randlane, T. (1991) Aspicilia excavata in the U.S.S.R. Folia Cryptogamica
Estomca 28: 31-32. [Aspicilia excavata, a species newly noticed in several regions of the
U.S.S.R., exhibits notable poleotolerance, and has been collected on the main streets of Riga
and Tartu.]
Kondratyuk, S. Ya & Solonina, O. F. (1990) Scoliciosporum chlorococcum (Graewe ex
Stenhammar) Vezda, toksitolerantnii lishainikukraini. [Scoliciosporum chlorococcum, a toxitolerant
lichen of the Ukraine.] Ukrayinskyi Botanichnyi Zhurnal 47: 37-41. [Study of S.
chlorococcum on broad-leaved trees in Lvov and Kiev. This toxitolerant lichen has been
collected in the Ukraine since systematic surveying began. In rising air pollution its occurrence
may increase not due to an increase in its area of distribution but due to its colonization
of a greater range of broad-leaved trees.]
Kortesharju, M. & Kortesharju, J. (1989) Studies on epiphytic lichens and pine bark in the
vicinity of a cement works in northern Finland. Silva Fennica 23: 301-310. [Examination of
Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and S contents in Pinus sylvestris bark and Bryoria
around Kolari cement works in north-western Finland. At 2 km from the works Bryoria had
its highest coverage, at 1 km Parmeliopsis was at its most abundant. Nearer the works lichens
almost disappeared. Bryoria length lessened at

398 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.23
lower stands, was examined morphometrically. Material from higher sites showed more
algae and aplanospores as well as a thinner cortex, differences most likely due to
pollution.]
Nieminen, M. & Rantataro, M. (1990) Mineral and trace element contents of lichens in Finnish
reindeer herding area. Rangifer (1990, special issue 4): 56. [Measurement of Cd, Pb, Ni,
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and Se in Cladina, Cetraria nivalis and Stereocaulon and
in arboreal Alectona and Bryoria in 1983 and 1987. Highest Pb levels were found in
Stereocaulon, and highest Cd levels in Cetraria nivalis. Stereocaulon in general showed high
Al levels.]
Nimis, P. L., Lazzarin, A., Lazzarin, G. & Gasparo, D. (1991) Lichens as bioindicators of air
pollution by SO, in the Veneto region (NE Italy). Studia Geobotanica 11: 3—76. [SO, air
pollution in the Veneto region was studied using epiphytic lichens on Tilia: 80 lichens were
recorded. Heaviest pollution is in the south-west. Pollution maps are presented for 7 provinces
and for the entire region, and distribution maps for Candelaria concolor, Candelariella
xanthostigma, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia exasperatula, P. sulcata, Physcia adscendens,
P. orbicularis and Xanthoria parietina.]
Oksanen, J., Laara, E. & Zobel, K. (1991) Statistical analysis of bioindicator value of epiphytic
lichens. Lichenologisi 23:167-180. [Generalized linear modelling is used to analyse the value
of epiphytic lichens as air pollution monitors around a Siberian industrial centre, using
previously published data. The bias in an analytic method employed earlier (1988) is
corrected and further development of the method produces a detailed and effective analysis
of lichen occurrence in relation to air pollution.]
Oksanen, J., Tynnirinen, S. & Karenlampi, L. (1990) Testing for increased abundance of
epiphytic lichens on a local pollution gradient. Annales Botanici Fennici 27: 301-307. [Since
S deposition is lessening and deposition of N and other nutrients is increasing, tests were
made for possible increased appearance of Hypogymnia physodes using a local pollution
gradient around a fertilizer factory. Although factors favouring increase were identified, no
conclusive evidence of lichen increase was found.]
Osorio, H. (1989) Contribution to the lichen flora of Brazil. 23. Lichens from Sao Paulo city.
Mycotaxon 34: 161-162. [17 lichens are recorded from forest sites in Sao Paulo city, and
possible damage to the lichen florais suggested as due to increased pollution over the last 20
years.]
Piervittori, R. & Sampo, S. (1987/1988) Colonizzazione lichenica su manufatti litici: la facciata
della Abbazia di Vessolano, Asti (Piemonte). Allioma 28: 93-101. [See Piervittori & Sampo
(1987/1988) in XXXI where this paper was mistakenly listed under the English translation
of the title only.]
Pisut, I. (1990) Mapping of lichens in Slovakia. Stuttgarter Beitrdge zur Naturkunde, series A 456:
53-57. [Virtually the whole Slovakian territory was included in this 374 grid-square survey
begun in 1975. Air pollution is a major influence. Several lichens, formerly not rare, are now
probably extinct. Even toxitolerant Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata and Evernia
prunastri declined in southwestern lowland under enormous eutrophication and nitrate
pollution: H. physodes is extinct over 300 km 2 in Spisska Nova Ves industrial agglomeration.
Some acidophiles are spreading (Lecanora conizaeoides and Scoliciosporum chlorococcum), as
are some nitrophiles. Slovakian epiphytic lichens are in a critical state. Distribution maps of
8 species.]
Pisut, I. (1991) Threat and conservation of lichens in Slovakia. In Conservation of Fungi and Other
Cryptogams in Europe {Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe; Szlakami Nauki 18) (A. E. Jansen
andM. Lawrynowicz, eds): 82-89. Lodz: Lodz Society of Sciences and Arts. [At least 11",,
of c 1400 lichens known from Slovakia are extinct or endangered, with another 29",, under
threat. Extensive national reserves with enhanced protection in areas of low air pollution
offer best hopes of conservation.]
Randlane, T. & Trass, H. (1990) Kel silma samblike jaoks. 1. Lakmusliigid. Hallsamblikud.
Indicator species in the lichen genus Hypogymnia. Eesti Lodus (1990): 348-351. [Eight
attributes that make H. physodes an important indicator are described.]
Randlane, T. & Trass, H. (1990) Kel silma samblike jaoks. 2. Lakmusliigid. Habesamblikud.
Indicator species in the lichen genus Usnea. Eesti Lodus (1990): 430-433. [Degrees of poleotolerance
in the 22 Estonian species of Usnea. Decreasing records from Usnea localities echo
the diminution observed in thalline length of pendulous species.]

1991 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 399
Randlane, T. & Trass, H. (1990) Kel silma samblike jaoks. 3. Lakmusliigid. Lapiksarablikud.
Indicator species in the genus Parmelia. Eesti Lodus (1990): 509-512. [Limits of poleotolerance
in Estonian Parmelia species; P. sulcata is undoubtedly the best indicator species,
especially of fluoridepollution.]
Randlane, T. & Trass, H. (1990) Kel silma samblike jaoks. 4. Lakmusliigid. Kopsusamblikud.
Indicator species in the genus Lobaria. Eesti Lodus (1990): 570—572. [Lobaria pulmonaria is
fast disappearing from 12 of the 50 recorded sites in Estonia.]
Recchia, F. & Polidoro, F. (1988) Observazioni sui licheni nella vicinanza di un cementificio.
Archivw Botanico Italiano 64: 8-18. [Lichens around a cement factory north of Scafa,
Pescara, Italy, showed increased tendencies to basophily and xerophytism with increased
proximity to dust pollution sources. Up to 100 m distant from the source there was a' lichen
desert'.]
Rissanen, K. & Rahola, T. (1990) Radiocesium in lichens and reindeer after the Chernobyl
accident. Rangifer (1990, special issue 3): 55-61. [Post-Chernobyl radio-nuclide deposition
was more complicated in pattern than global fallout after nuclear weapons tests. Radioactive
deposition was very uneven in Lapland and the rest of Finland. Amounts in Lapland were
about 10",, those in southern Finland. In 1986-1987 137 Cs levels in lichens increased to
1972-1973 levels (about one third of the 1964—1965 maxima after nuclear tests). After 1987,
the concentration in reindeer decreased.]
Rubiano, L. J. (1988) Liquenes como indicadores de contaminacion en el complejo industrial
de Betania y la termoelectrica de Zipaquira, Cundinamarca. Acta Biologica Columbiana 1:
95-125. [Over 20 lichen species occurring on Salix humboldtiana were studied in this bioindication
investigation of 1983. Lichen health, performance, cover and distribution were
assessed: 6 zones were distinguished and described. Tabulation of data.]
Sansen, U. & Deronde, L. (1990) Lichenometry of Lecanora muralis as a method for an air
pollution survey by school children. Memoires de la Socie'te Royale de Botanique de Belgique
12: 100-110. [School children aged from 6-16 years took part in this air pollution survey
of the Brussels region. A map of the growth rate of Lecanora muralis was produced and
compared with SO, pollution. Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of a
lichenometric approach to bioindication work.]
Scott, M. G. & Hutchinson, T. C. (1989) Experiments and observations on epiphytic lichens as
early warning sentinels of forest decline. In Biologic Markers of Air Pollution Stress and
Damage in Forests (George M. Woodwell, ed.): 205-215. Washington: National Academy
Press. [Examination of the suitability of Hypogymma physodes and Pseudevernia sp. in
Quebec, Vermont and New York, and in the Black Forest and Hartz mountains as earlywarning
indicators of forest dieback. Both morphological and chemical indications of air
pollution were noted: cytoplasmic damage to algae and deterioration of chloroplast cell
membranes, and numerous abnormalities of form.]
Scott, M. G. & Hutchinson, T. C. (1990) The use of lichen growth abnormalities as an early
warning indicator of forest dieback. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 15: 213—218.
[Burt Lake, northern Ontario, has been selected as a baseline site in this lichen bioindication
programme studying lichens of forested mountain-top sites in Quebec and New England
and of low altitude sites in Ontario and New Brunswick. Comparison will also be made with
East German and Czechoslovakian montane forest lichens. Lichen cover has been assessed
at all sites, Hypogymma physodes was chemically analysed, and terricolous Cladonia
collected wherever possible. Heavy metals will be monitored and a transplant programme is
envisaged.]
Seaward, M. R. D. & Henderson, A. (1991) Lichen Flora of the West Yorkshire conurbation
4 (1984-1990). Naturalist 116: 17-20. [Recent work shows that all zones in the region, even
in central urban areas, exhibit species gains and generally improved lichen status and
vitality.]
Seaward, M. R. D. & Letrouit-Galinou, M. A. (1991) Lichen recolonization of trees in the
Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris. Lichenologist 23: 181-186. [11 lichens were recorded in 1990
on trees in the Jardin du Luxembourg, a dramatic improvement on 1986 records. Only 4
were among the epiphytes recorded there by Nylander in 1866.]
Serusiaux, E. (1990) Liste preliminaire des lichens et champignons lichenicoles des rochers et
eboulis des affleurements du Salmien (Belgique, region de Vielsalm). Memoires de la Socie'te
Royale de Botanique de Belgique 12: 135-147. [Section 5 (: 144—146) gives details on air

400 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol.23
pollution effects, notably the near-extinction of Tuckermannopsis sepincola and the dire
condition of Umbilicaria and Lasallia within the area.]
Silberstein, L., Siegel, S. M., Keller, P., Siegel, B. Z. & Galun, M. (1990) A new method for
the extraction of ATP from lichens. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38:411^418. [New methods of
ATP extraction applied to Ramalina duriaei and Xanthoria parietina, make possible the use
of ATP concentrations as indicators of air pollution effects on lichens.]
Sloof, J. E. & Wolterbeek, H. T. (1991) National trace-element air pollution monitoring survey
using epiphytic lichens. Lichenologist 23:139-165. [Element concentrations in Parmelia sulcata
from various deciduous trees were used to monitor trace element air pollution in two Dutch
national surveys, 1982-1983 and 1986—1987. Variations in concentrations on both local and
national scales were established. Geographical concentration patterns were obtained from the
data sets of the surveys, and agreed with data on air atmospheric concentrations and deposition
levels. Comparison of data sets showed pattern changes over 5 years. Element concentration
patterns in lichens reflected total deposition and atmospheric concentrations rather than wet
deposition only and gave insight into locations and characters of pollution sources.]
Smith, C. W. (1991) Lichen conservation in Hawaii. In Tropical Lichens: Their Systematic!,
Conservation, and Ecology. (The Systematics Association Special Volume 43.j (D. J.
Galloway, ed.): 35—45. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Increasing anthropogenic disturbance,
including dust pollution from building and agricultural work and agricultural chemical
contamination, results in an impoverished lichen flora. Lichens in forests downwind of
sugarcane and pineapple lands where tilling creates large dust clouds, are smothered and
killed. The impact is visible up to 3 km distant. A ' lichen desert' reaches 50 m and more
from fields where agrochemicals are used.]
Sechting, U. (1991) Laver som kvaelstofmonitorer i danske skove: 1-75. Copenhagen: Institut
for Sporeplanter, Copenhagen University. [Nitrogen content was analysed in more than
1000 samples of Hypogymnia physodes, mainly from Norway spruce in south Jutland.
Hypogymnia physodes in Denmark contains between 7-5-31-5",, total N. Lowest N content
was on low branches or small trees. Increasing tree height led to increased nitrogen content
on the lower branches.]
Staaland, H., Hove, K. & Pedersen, O. (1990) Transport and recycling of radiocesium in the
alimentary tract of reindeer. Rangifer (1990, special issue 3): 63-72. [Reindeer in this experiment
were fed lichens collected in Jotunheimen, south Norway, contaminated with post-
Chernobyl radiocaesium. Daily intake of " 4 Cs and " 7 Cs was c 9-9 kBq. Radionuclide activity
was monitored. Data are presented and discussed.]
Stewart, N. (1990) Red data books for cryptogamic plants. Transactions of the Botanical Society of
Edinburgh 45: 473-481. [Includes brief comments on aspects of air pollution posing a
threat to British habitats important for cryptogamic plants. Wet climate and predominantly
westerly winds blowing much air pollution eastwards give added importance to the status of
the British lichen flora in a European context.]
Stone, D. F. & McCune, B. (1990) Annual branching in the lichen Evernia prunastri in Oregon.
Bryologist 93: 32-36. [Repeated photography showed that E. prunastri follows an annual
branching cycle. Further study showed that age estimates, determined from the branching
pattern, can be accurate enough for demographic studies involving lichen histories and
element accumulation (changes in trapping efficiency over time).]
Tommervik, H., Johansen, B. E. & Eira, A. N. (1990) Mapping the air pollution impact to
reindeer range areas in Pasvik, Northern Norway using satellite imageries. Rangifer (1990.
special issue 4): 19-20. [Study of the effectiveness of Landsat 1 MSS and Landsat 5 TM in
detecting and mapping air pollution impact on reindeer range areas in the neighbourhood of
Pasvik. Classification accuracy was 83-4°,, for the Landsat 1 MSS image in 1973. Landsat 5
TM in 1985 was 96" () accurate for pine forests and extreme dry heaths with lichen, 80-90",,
accurate for dry heath with lichen, and 89",, accurate for birch forests with lichen cover. Air
pollution was well mapped on the basis of the Landsat 5 TM satellite. Comparison with
1973 maps showed disappearance of lichen cover in mountain areas (only Cetrana mvalis
survives) and serious reindeer lichen depletion in forest areas.]
Trass, H. (1989) Kritika i bibliografia. Sovremennaya literatura po lishainikam v SSSR, (1985,
1986). [Critique and bibliography. Modern literature concerning lichens in the USSR
(1985,1986).] Bulletin of the Moscow Naturalists' Society, Biological Series 94: 130-137. [A
critical bibliography of 182 items of which 39 are relevant to lichen bioindication.]

1991 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 401
van der Gucht, K. & Hoffmann, M. (1989) Luchtvervuiling in de Gentse kanaalzone gemeten
aan de hand van korstmossen. Leefmilieu 1989/3: 66-72. [Lichen monitoring of SO,
pollution in the canal region of Ghent. A 5-zonal map is presented based on epiphytic
lichens and a 4-zonal map based on lichens on concrete telegraph poles.]
van der Gucht, K. & Hoffmann, M. (1990) The impact of air pollution on the occurrence of
corticolous and saxicolous lichens in the industrial area north of Ghent (Belgium). Memoires
de la Societe Royale de Botanique de Belgique 12: 111-126. [A generally fuller account in
English of the material in Van der Gucht & Hoffmann (1989) above. Distribution data on
saxicolous and corticolous lichens to the north of Ghent, mapped in 1987/1988, were compared
with earlier 1963 corticolous data. Saxicolous species penetrate into the epiphytic
lichen desert and can serve as indicators in heavily polluted areas.]
Vasser, S. P., Stushna, V. V., Tsarenko, P. M., Navrots'ka, I. L., Lenova, L.I., Pusieshvili,
V. M. & Shanidze, D. V. (1988) Obrostannya vodorostyami ta lishainikami riznikh
promislovikh materialiv u vologikh subtroshkakh SRSR. [Growth of algae and lichens on
different industrial materials under moist subtropic conditions in the USSR.] Ukrayins'kyi
Botanichnyi Zhitrnal 45: 50-54. [9 lichen species (Lecanoraceae, Parmeliaceae and
Usneaceae) mainly developing on textolith and fibre-glassplastic surfaces were detected in a
study of algal, lichen and microorganism foulings of different industrial materials (fibreglass,
plastic, foamed plastic, epoxyresin, polyvinyl chloride, kapon, organic glass, textolith
and Al alloys). Desmococcus was among algal genera colonizing all tested materials.]
Weinmann-Kreeb, R. & Kreeb, K. H. (1987) In-vivo-Fluoreszenz bei Chloroplasten:
Modellierungsansatz und Anwendung in der Bioindikation. In vivo fluorescencein chloroplasts:
modelling-approach and application in bioindication. Archiv fur Hydrohiologie
Beihefte Ergebnnisse der Limnologie 29: 131-141. [Influences of stress can be determined
quickly by in-vivo fluorescence,but account must be taken of interrelated stress effects.
Hypogymma physodes from Esslingen was biotested. In unpolluted lichen material fluorescence
intensity was lowered by Pb, and much raised by Ustinex. The programme also
employed Parmelia sulcata transplants.]
Weinstein, L. H. & Laurence, J. A. (1989) Indigenous and cultivated plants as bioindicators.
In Biologic Markers of Air Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests (G. M. Woodwell, ed.):
195-204. Washington: National Academy Press. [Lichens are amongst the plants discussed
as useful bioindicators, both as in situ monitors and as transplants. Where in situ indicators
are lacking, portable gardens or lichen boards can be distributed. Evaluations are made by
studies of species depletion and damage to sensitive species. Plant indicators are cheap,
applicable to rural, urban, and wide geographic areas and to remote parts where electricity is
unavailable.]
Wilkon-Michalska, J., Glazik, N. & Kalinska, A. (1988) Porosty miasta Torunia. The lichens
of Torun town. Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici Biologia 29: 209-253. [Investigations
(1978-1982) of the epiphytic, epilithic and terricolous lichens in Torun, and of the epiphytic
lichens on main dispersal roads up to 10 km from the boundary. Results compared
unfavourably with 1952 epiphytic lichen data. Some crustose lichens have invaded the town,
now dustier and more polluted. Epiliths penetrate furthest into the centre. 79 species were
recorded.]
Wu, J.-L., Tang, H.-A. & Hao, Y.-H. (1988) A preliminary study on absorption and accumulation
of radioactivity in lichens. Acta Mycologica Sinica 7: 183—188. [Marked radioisotope
accumulation was found in lichens from different parts of China, providing data for environmental
radiology and lichen ecology in the face of fallout. Tabulation of results for 22 lichen
species {Alectoria, Cetraria, Cladonia, Dactylina, Dermatocarpon, Lethariella, Lobaria,
Peltigera, Pertusaria, Rhizoplaca, Thamnolia, Umbilicaria, Usnea and Xanthoria). Chinese,
with brief English summary.]
I am grateful to Professors D. L. Hawksworth, K. H. Kreeb, D. H. S. Richardson and M. R. D.
Seaward, and to Drs D. H. Brown, S. C. Clark, E. Farkas, M. Hoffmann, V. John, I. Pisut and H.
Staaland for drawing certain items to my attention; to the staffs of the British Lending Library,
English Nature Library and Edward Boyle Library, Leeds University, for their assistance; and to
Professor D. L. Lee for providing facilities.
Accepted for publication 21 July 1991