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MEDIA LITERACY AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE Strategies, Debates and Good Practices We regard the possibility of discussing the answers in a familiar environment, particularly with parents or siblings, so we consider that this is a factor to overlook and it doesn´t remove the validity of the answers. On the contrary, we consider, as Siva (2008), that it is necessary to make a work together with the child, so that there is a partner in the construction of the meanings, assuming parents a key role in conscious aid. The school served as a privileged place of contact with a significant number of children, in addition to allowing group them according to age and educational level. It was a convenience choise, since we have close and easy contact with the educational institution chosen. Working with children requires, from the beginning, to take into account a set of ethical principles that should necessarily be followed throughout the investigation. Gerison Lansdwon (2001) suggests some of these rules in research that involve children's participation: - It is very important that children understand the objectives of the investigation. These should be explained according to their maturity in order to express appropriate views. - Children`s opinion should be taken seriously by the investigator. - Children should be involved in the project from the beginning. - It is important that in a group, there are no exclusions, and that all children are respected equally. - It is necessary that the rules of the project are clarified and negotiated from the beginning. - The participation of children should always be voluntary, and they can give up at any time of the investigation. - The researcher who works with children should recognize their right to participate as a human right. At the first contact with the class, we carefully explain the research purpose, showing that their participation was free. Earlier, we noticed that children, in general, were curious about participate in the work, while put some questions to the researcher. We explained in detail the proposed exercise, and especially what was meant by each of the questions. In the end, all the students showed desire and interest about participate in research. 5. Results and key findings The results show us that children know the issues aired in the media, although they showed little interest about watching the news. Age is identified as the main reason for this apathy, by many of the children. Only one child mentioned 195
MEDIA LITERACY AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE Strategies, Debates and Good Practices having interest in the news, because they enable her to know what "will happen in the world" (girl, 9 years). Television is their favourite media of contact with current affairs, although the newspaper and radio have also been mentioned, but by a smaller number of children. This aspect reveals, as other studies have demonstrated, that television is present in most homes. Besides being the main instrument of leisure time of children (Fuenzalida, 2008; Samaniego et al., 2007), is also the favourite media through which families know the current affairs, allowing children access to them. Despite the apparent lack of interest, children know the current issues, especially those directed to politics, economy and safety. The lack of employment /economic crisis, wars, natural disasters and crime are the themes most often mentioned. "The news I hear most are about politics and about the crisis that our country is facing." (girl, 9 years) "I hear more news about the policy measures of Troika, assaults on gold sellers and holidays. I think that news about politics are the most important [...] I`m not very interested in news. "(Boy, 9 years) "The news I hear most are about politics, sports, war and robbery. The news that I consider most important are sport and technology [...] I'm not very interested in news. "(Boy, 9 years) In general, persists the idea that the news portray negative issues associated with violence and economic crisis. Therefore, when put in perspective of being themselves, journalists, children emphasize especially the necessity of serving more positive themes. In this respect, there is a child who recognizes the influence of news about violence, especially on children. "The news I hear most are about politics and about the economic crisis. These stories make me sad. "(Girl, 9 years) Although children consider important that citizens are informed about what is happening in the country and in the world, they consider that there are ways to mitigate the negative effects of what is reported. Children consider that journalists should switch between positive and negative events. "They should put more good and less bad news." (Girl, 9 years). "In my opinion, journalists should change the way of news transmission, such as: do not exaggerate the bad news, either in the account, either in the images, and in the times that are passing out on television or in newspapers." (Girl, 9 years). "I liked that television does not always speak about the crisis. Because people got scared, when they hear journalists talking about increases in transport, increases in interest rates and unemployment. "(Boy, 9 years). 196
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