Applying normative EEG to the Brodmann area ... - Neurofeedback

Applying normative EEG to the
Brodmann area functional atlas
“Therapeutic Laser-Bombing”
David A Kaiser MFA PhD
Upstate New York

21 st Century
Mental Illness as bad brain habits
Mental disorders as bad brain habits

Identify brain areas disconnected or over/underactive associated with
clinical symptoms

Resolving trauma by teaching age-old habits
• Includes brain habits!

Evidence-Based Neurotherapy:
Origins
Trephination to treat falls and battle injuries
65% survival rate, 1/3 rd of tribe had procedure performed
High survival rate

Localization of mental operations –
somewhere in person, but not clear if
mostly in the head or the heart
Cerebrocentric
Plato, Hippocrates
Cardiocentric
Aristotle

Different mental events happened in different areas of the head

Andreas Vesalius
(1514-1564)
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
(1543)
Studied anatomy and neuroanatomy

Rene Descartes
(1596-1650)
Mechanistic view of brain
Pineal gland – gateway to soul

Brain as Functional Mosaic
(27 mind-skull correspondences)
1. Impulse to propagation
2. Parental love
3. Fidelity
4. Valor
5. Carnivorousness
6. Sense of cunning
7. Sense of property
8. Love of authority
9. Vanity
10. Circumspection
11. Memory of facts
12. Sense of locality
13. Recollection of persons
14. Faculty for words
15. Faculty of language
16. Delight in colors
17. Musical talent
18. Sense of time
19. Mechanical skill
20. Wisdom
21. Metaphysical clarity
22. Sense of inference
23. Poetic talent
24. Good-natured
25. Mimic
26. Sense of God
27. Firmness
Franz Joseph Gall
(1758-1828)
Associating variations in character with craniological signs.

Functional Uniformity
(diffuse representation or equipotential)
• Flourens investigated equivalence between brain and
mind and discovered major functional divisions:
• In birds and rabbits, damaging brain stem caused death.
• Removing cerebellums affected motor coordination.
• Removing cerebrums abolished higher functions, such as
perceptions, complex actions, and judgment.
• Extensive lesions in bird and rabbit cortex produced
little behavioral change, which led him to believe that
higher functions are represented diffusely in the cortex.

Cerebral Localization: Bouillaud
Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud
(1796-1881)
Vocal supporter of Gall and his theory of
brain as plurality of organs.
Bouillaud was “the soul of the doctrine of
localization” for 50 years.
From 1825 to 1860 he defended Gall in
debates before French Academie de
Medecine
Localization remained highly polarizing
- Mind has many faculties but brain must be
unitary for soul to enter
- Language was the faculty which separated
man and beast, according to Descartes
Bouillaud (1825): 100 patients with speech loss after frontal lesions

Brain disease and speechlessness
1761, 1825, 1829-40
• Morgagni, Bouillaud, Andral
• N =10, 25, 11
– 5 LHD (4 aphasic); 5 RHD (1 aphasic)
– 11 LHD (8 aphasic); 14 RHD (4 aphasic)
– 5 LHD (3 aphasic); 6 RHD (0 aphasic)
• Speechlessness rates
– 15 of 21 left brain damage (71%)
– 5 of 25 right brain damage (20%)
• Meta-analysis (n=46) reveals statistical patterns
missed by smaller bins

Swing back to Localization
• Marc Dax (1836): LH
damage associated with
verbal memory deficits
– (Son gave academy father’s
memoirs, 1863)
Paul Broca (1824-1880)
• Paul Broca (1861 and 1865)
convincing evidence of
anterior lesions, then
speech laterality; Tan
“Nous parlons avez
l’hemispheregauche”

Swing back to Localization
Carl Wernicke (1874): temporal lesion disturbs
comprehension. Developed connectionism
model of language and predicated conduction
aphasia

Revised holism (& right brain functions)
”Leading hemisphere” hypothesis
(1868): brains are not mere
duplicates; identified RH superiority
for visual recognition
CNS modeled as a series of
interactive hierarchies
To locate the damage which destroys
speech and to localise speech [itself] are
two different things." (Jackson, 1864)
The processes which underlie an act of speech run through the nervous system like a prairie fire from bush
to bush; remove all inflammable material at any one point and the fire stops. So, when a break occurs in
the functional chain, orderly speech becomes impossible, because the basic physiological processes which
subserve it have been disturbed... The site of such a breach of continuity is not a 'center for speech', but
solely a place where it can be interrupted or changed." (British physician Henry Head, 1926).

Revival of brain function
localization theory, 1848
Railroad construction accident, Sep 13, 1848 in Vermont
Frontal lobe damage impacts emotional regulation

Back to Localization
Brodmann (1905) 52 cytoarchitectonic brain areas
Experimental Neurology: Patient H.M. and callosotomy

Last kicks of holism
• Lashley’s Principle of Mass Action
– Lesion size, and not location, determine
behavioral consequence
• Larger lesions have greater behavioral
repercussions
– No clear area-function specifications in rats
• Refuted by Irle (1990) review of 283
monkey studies
– Location important
– And in fact, some lesions led to improved
performance (possibly due to reciprocal
inhibitory networks), with larger size leading
to better performance for some functions
EXCEPT Hologram theories of the brain and universe
(Bohm, 1980) and Karl Pribram

Cytoarchitectural analysis of primate cortex
Korbinian Brodmann
(1868-1918)
Different microstructure reflect different
functions served

47 x 2 Human Brodmann Areas
52 primate cytoarchitectonic brain areas x 2
(Left and Right Hemisphere)

Human Brodmann areas
1-3 – intermediate, caudal, and rostral postcentral
4 - gigantopyramidal
5 - preparietal
6 - agranular frontal
7 - superior parietal
8 - intermediate frontal
9 - granular frontal
10 - frontopolar
11 - prefrontal
12 - prefrontal
17 - striate
18 - parastriate
19 - peristriate
20 - inferior temporal
21 - middle temporal
22 - superior temporal
23 - ventral posterior cingulate
24 - ventral anterior cingulate
31 - dorsal posterior cingulate
32 - dorsal anterior cingulate
37 - occipitotemporal
38 - temporopolar
39 – angular
40 - supramarginal
41-42 – ant. & posterior transverse temporal
44 - opercular
45 - triangular
46 - middle frontal
47 - orbital
48 - retrosubicular
EXCLUDED FROM SKIL BRODMANN MONTAGE
due to small size and distance from scalp
25 - subgenual*
26 - ectosplenial*
28 - entorhinal*
29 - granular retrolimbic *
30 - agranular retrolimbic *
33 - pregenual *
34 - dorsal entorhinal *
35 - perirhinal *
36 - ectorhinal *
43 - subcentral *
52 - parainsular *
13, 14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only

Clinical DTI

Primary functions

Default network as cognitive fluidity
(and disconnection as disorder)
– Four brain “modules” evolved
independently (Mithen, 1996):
• Social intelligence
• Environmental intelligence
• Tool-using intelligence
• Linguistic intelligence
– 1. Pre-historic hunters-gatherers
were experts in all 4 domains, but
expertise did not mix
– 2. "Cognitive fluidity" caused
cultural explosion of art,
technology, farming, religion
80,000 years ago
– Childhood disorders of quadrant
isolation

Talairach coordinates (x,y,z) for
Brodmann area center points

Those who love sausage or the law should never see
how either are made (Otto von Bismarck)
• Same true with science

How to use Brodmann area functional atlas

Brodmann Montage (Kaiser, 2007)
• Presumes heteromorphic volume based on cytoarchitecture & distributed active sources

Effect of QEEG-guided neurotherapy on anterior areas (EPJ, 20 lzt)
• PRE
• POST

• PRE

• POST

• PRE

• POST

Neurofeedback recommendations

Prioritize abnormalities using brain organization principles
such as microgeny -“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” in mental operations
• Each brain event
incorporates our
entire evolution in
milliseconds.
• We scale from fish-tohuman
thought every
moment in time,
except when injury or
functional obstacles
block us.
• Injury exposes earlier
stages of processing.

Microgeny 'shorthand'

Individual Differences
in Language localization
• Wilder Penfield, 1930s: Electrical
stimulation leading to language
disruption, others produce episodic
memories

Lateralization of functions

Which face is
happier

Lateralized Eye Movements
• Assess which hemisphere possesses the most language skills
– Three synonyms for walking or intelligence
– Define impish or prudish
• Assess which hemisphere is most skilled in spatial processing
– Describe what you see when you walk in your front door?
– Which states share the north border of Virginia?
• Leftward movement from viewer’s perspective indicates LH
activation (RVF squashed as LH taxed), Rightward movement
indicates RH location of function.
• A patient’s trust or capacity for this function may interact with
results, and ask spatial questions that don’t generate analogous
eye movements

School develops our left-brain primarily: analytical,
reductionistic processes (parts > wholes)
• Large schools impede social and emotional development
(e.g., Cotton, 1996; Barker & Gump, 1964; Harrison, 2005).

When localizing, don’t forget about re-representation,
complementary or redundancy (esp in homologues)

Brain organization principles to
assist prioritization of training
• PCC serves as main ‘‘hub’’ of the default network
• MPFC emerges as a secondary hub starting at 1 y

Default mode network
stimulus-independent thought (idle)
vs stimulus-oriented (task)

Disturbed default modes as mental illness
Depression, PTSD

Thank you!