Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
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Contents<br />
Summary <strong>and</strong> Conclusions 1<br />
Chapter 1. Introduction <strong>and</strong> Methods 5<br />
1.1. <strong>Bycatch</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Depredation</strong>, <strong>Shark</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>e Fisheries<br />
1.2. Methods<br />
Chapter 2. Fish<strong>in</strong>g Gear <strong>and</strong> Operational Characteristics 8<br />
Chapter 3. <strong>Shark</strong> Catch Rates <strong>and</strong> Disposition 12<br />
Chapter 4. National <strong>and</strong> International Measures 15<br />
4.1. Summary <strong>and</strong> Effects of National/EC Legislation on <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions<br />
4.2. International Initiatives Address<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Shark</strong> F<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g<br />
4.3. Conclusions on Data Collection <strong>and</strong> Management Frameworks<br />
Chapter 5.<br />
Economic, Practical, Ecological <strong>and</strong> Social Problems<br />
from <strong>Shark</strong> – Longl<strong>in</strong>e Interactions 18<br />
5.1. Economic <strong>and</strong> Practical Concerns<br />
5.2. Ecological Concerns<br />
5.3. Social Concerns<br />
Chapter 6. Industry Attitudes <strong>and</strong> Practices 23<br />
6.1. Industry Attitudes<br />
6.2. Industry Practices<br />
6.2.1. Avoid peak areas <strong>and</strong> periods of shark abundance<br />
6.2.2. Reduce shark detection of baited hook<br />
6.2.3. Reduce shark catch rate through deeper sett<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e material or type of bait or hook<br />
6.2.4. Reduce <strong>in</strong>jury to discarded sharks<br />
6.2.5. Reduce retention of sharks on branch l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
Chapter 7.<br />
Potential of Deterrents, Hotspot Avoidance <strong>and</strong> Incentive Instruments to<br />
Reduce <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions <strong>in</strong> <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>e Fisheries 29<br />
7.1. <strong>Shark</strong> Deterrents<br />
7.2. Hotspot Avoidance through Fleet Communication <strong>and</strong> Protected Areas<br />
7.3. Incentive Instruments<br />
7.3.1. National <strong>and</strong> local constra<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
7.3.2. Regional <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational accords, regulations, <strong>and</strong> policies<br />
7.3.3. Eco-label<strong>in</strong>g<br />
7.3.4. Industry <strong>and</strong> market self-polic<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Chapter 8. References 32<br />
Appendices – Case Studies <strong>and</strong> Contribut<strong>in</strong>g Authors’ Contact Details<br />
Appendix 1. Australia Longl<strong>in</strong>e Tuna <strong>and</strong> Billfish Fishery 37<br />
A1.1. Fisheries Management Jurisdiction<br />
A1.2. <strong>Shark</strong> Fisheries <strong>in</strong> Australian Waters<br />
A1.3. Introduction to the Australian <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>e Fishery<br />
A1.3.1. Target species<br />
A1.3.2. Management regime<br />
A1.3.3. Size of fleet<br />
A1.3.4. Vessel type<br />
A1.3.5. Crew<br />
A1.3.6. Fish<strong>in</strong>g gear<br />
A1.3.7. Bait type<br />
A1.3.8. Target catch<br />
A1.3.9. <strong>Shark</strong> catch<br />
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