Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
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Contents<br />
Appendix 3. Fiji <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>e Tuna Fishery 67<br />
A3.1. Introduction<br />
A3.2. Methods<br />
A3.3. Fiji Fleet Characteristics<br />
A3.4. Range of Fish<strong>in</strong>g Gear <strong>and</strong> Methods<br />
A3.5. Catch <strong>and</strong> Discard Rates of Target <strong>and</strong> <strong>Bycatch</strong> Species<br />
A3.6. Management Framework Relevant to <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions <strong>and</strong> its Effect on Fishermen<br />
A3.7. Current Response to <strong>Shark</strong> By-Catch by Fiji <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>ers<br />
A3.7.1. Methods for onboard process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> discard<strong>in</strong>g of sharks<br />
A3.7.2. Practices employed to reduce shark capture<br />
A3.7.3. Distribution of revenue from sharks<br />
A3.7.4. Ex-vessel value of l<strong>and</strong>ed sharks<br />
A3.7.5. Revenue from catch<strong>in</strong>g sharks relative to economic costs from shark depredation <strong>and</strong> gear<br />
damage<br />
A3.8. Current Response to <strong>Shark</strong> <strong>Depredation</strong> by Fiji <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>ers<br />
A3.8.1. Frequency <strong>and</strong> effects of shark depredation<br />
A3.8.2. Practices employed to reduce shark depredation<br />
A3.9. Perceptions on Efficacy <strong>and</strong> Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions<br />
A3.10. Incentives <strong>and</strong> Attitudes on Reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Shark</strong> <strong>Bycatch</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Depredation</strong><br />
A3.11. References<br />
Appendix 4. Italy Mediterranean Industrial Longl<strong>in</strong>e Swordfish Fishery 75<br />
A4.1. Introduction<br />
A4.2. Fleet Characteristics<br />
A4.3. Fish<strong>in</strong>g Gear<br />
A4.4. <strong>Shark</strong> <strong>Bycatch</strong><br />
A4.5. Mediterranean Sea<br />
A4.5.1. Adriatic Sea<br />
A4.5.2. Ionian Sea<br />
A4.5.3. Ligurian Sea<br />
A4.5.4. Tyrrhenian Sea <strong>and</strong> Strait of Sicily<br />
A4.6. Interview Results<br />
A4.7. <strong>Shark</strong> Trade<br />
A4.8. References<br />
Appendix 5. Japan <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>e Fisheries 85<br />
A5.1. Introduction <strong>and</strong> Methods<br />
A5.2. Historical Fleet Development, <strong>Shark</strong> Catches <strong>and</strong> Gear Configurations<br />
A5.3. Current Fleet Characteristics <strong>and</strong> <strong>Shark</strong> Catches<br />
A5.3.1. Number of vessels by size class<br />
A5.3.2. Catch <strong>and</strong> effort by vessel class <strong>and</strong> operational behavior<br />
A5.3.3. Calculation of nom<strong>in</strong>al shark CPUE<br />
A5.3.4. Species composition of shark catches <strong>in</strong> longl<strong>in</strong>e fleets<br />
A5.4. Management Framework Relevant to <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions<br />
A5.5. <strong>Shark</strong> H<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Disposition Practices by Fleet<br />
A5.5.1. Enyo fleet h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> disposition<br />
A5.5.2. K<strong>in</strong>kai fleet h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> disposition<br />
A5.5.3. Engan fleet h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> disposition<br />
A5.6. <strong>Depredation</strong> <strong>and</strong> Gear Damage Issues<br />
A5.7. Methods of Onboard Storage of Reta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>Shark</strong>s<br />
A5.8. Practices Employed to Reduce <strong>Shark</strong> Capture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Depredation</strong><br />
A5.9. Reasons for Discont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g any Methods Attempted to Reduce <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions<br />
A5.10. Perceptions on Efficiency <strong>and</strong> Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions<br />
A5.10.1. Avoid<strong>in</strong>g Areas with <strong>Shark</strong>s<br />
A5.10.2. Refra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g from chumm<strong>in</strong>g or bait/offal disposal<br />
A5.10.3. Chang<strong>in</strong>g target depth <strong>and</strong> soak time<br />
A5.10.4. Chemical <strong>and</strong> electrical deterrents<br />
A5.10.5. Artificial bait <strong>and</strong> other changes to bait type or attraction<br />
A5.10.6. Reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>jury to discarded sharks<br />
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