Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline

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Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline Fisheries A1.3.10. Catch storage A1.3.11. Trip length A1.3.12. Daily fishing pattern A1.3.13. Market A1.4. Shark Species Encountered by Pelagic Longline Vessels in Australian Waters A1.5. Shark Catch Rates in Australian Pelagic Longline Fisheries A1.6. Influence of International Initiatives on Domestic Shark Management A1.7. National Management Processes for Sharks in Australia A1.8. National Regulations A1.8.1. Regulated fishing effort A1.8.2. Retention limits per trip A1.8.3. Finning at sea prohibition A1.8.4. Prohibited use of a wire trace A1.9. Fishing Practices that Affect Shark Catches A1.9.1. Fishing location A1.9.2. Line set, soak and haul duration, depth and timing A1.9.3. Bait type A1.9.4. Line weighting A1.9.5. Method used to dispatch captured fish A1.9.6. Hook type A1.10. Survey of Shark Fishing Practices, Handling Strategies, and Fishers’ Opinions of Sharks and Shark Management A1.10.1. Methods A1.10.2. Survey results A1.11. References Appendix 2. Chile Artisanal Longline Mahimahi and Shark Fishery and Longline Swordfish Fishery 55 A2.1. A2.2. A2.3. A2.4. Artisanal Longline Fishery Characteristics The Industrial and Artisanal Swordfish Fishery The Elasmobranch Fishery Range of Fishing Gear and Methods A2.4.1. Artisanal mahi mahi longline A2.4.2. Industrial swordfish fishery A2.5. A2.6. A2.7. A2.8. A2.9. A2.10. A2.11. A2.12. A2.13. A2.14. Catch and Discard Rates of Target and Bycatch Species Regulations and Management Framework Shark Market and Management Framework Economic, Social, and Ecological Effects, Including Effects on Fishing Practices, from Regulations Governing Shark Interactions Practices to Deal with Caught Sharks and Costs from Shark Depredation and Gear Damage Methods for Onboard Processing of Retained Sharks Reasons for Discarding Sharks Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture and Depredation Reasons for Discontinuing any Methods Attempted to Reduce Shark Interactions Perceptions on Efficacy and Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions A2.14.1. Avoiding peak areas and times of shark abundance A2.14.2. Reducing the detection of baited hooks by sharks, such as by refraining from chumming during the set and not discarding offal and spent bait during the haul A2.14.3. Limiting shark access to baited hooks, such as altering fishing practices to consider deployment depth of hooks and timing of the soak and haul to avoid problematic shark species A2.14.4. Deterring sharks such as with chemical shark deterrents and electrical deterrents A2.14.5. Reducing the attractiveness of baited hooks to sharks, such as by using artificial baits, using or not using light sticks, or avoiding a bait type known to result in high shark catch rates A2.14.6. Reducing injury to hooked sharks that you will discard A2.14.7. Reducing shark retention by avoiding a specific size or type of hook, or by not using wire leaders on branch lines A2.14.8. Will the economic impact of sharks be reduced from using a wire leader on branch lines A2.14.9. Most important factor that affects shark CPUE A2.15. A2.16. A2.17. Incentives and Attitudes on Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation Supporting Figures References viii
Contents Appendix 3. Fiji Pelagic Longline Tuna Fishery 67 A3.1. Introduction A3.2. Methods A3.3. Fiji Fleet Characteristics A3.4. Range of Fishing Gear and Methods A3.5. Catch and Discard Rates of Target and Bycatch Species A3.6. Management Framework Relevant to Shark Interactions and its Effect on Fishermen A3.7. Current Response to Shark By-Catch by Fiji Pelagic Longliners A3.7.1. Methods for onboard processing and discarding of sharks A3.7.2. Practices employed to reduce shark capture A3.7.3. Distribution of revenue from sharks A3.7.4. Ex-vessel value of landed sharks A3.7.5. Revenue from catching sharks relative to economic costs from shark depredation and gear damage A3.8. Current Response to Shark Depredation by Fiji Pelagic Longliners A3.8.1. Frequency and effects of shark depredation A3.8.2. Practices employed to reduce shark depredation A3.9. Perceptions on Efficacy and Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions A3.10. Incentives and Attitudes on Reducing Shark Bycatch and Depredation A3.11. References Appendix 4. Italy Mediterranean Industrial Longline Swordfish Fishery 75 A4.1. Introduction A4.2. Fleet Characteristics A4.3. Fishing Gear A4.4. Shark Bycatch A4.5. Mediterranean Sea A4.5.1. Adriatic Sea A4.5.2. Ionian Sea A4.5.3. Ligurian Sea A4.5.4. Tyrrhenian Sea and Strait of Sicily A4.6. Interview Results A4.7. Shark Trade A4.8. References Appendix 5. Japan Pelagic Longline Fisheries 85 A5.1. Introduction and Methods A5.2. Historical Fleet Development, Shark Catches and Gear Configurations A5.3. Current Fleet Characteristics and Shark Catches A5.3.1. Number of vessels by size class A5.3.2. Catch and effort by vessel class and operational behavior A5.3.3. Calculation of nominal shark CPUE A5.3.4. Species composition of shark catches in longline fleets A5.4. Management Framework Relevant to Shark Interactions A5.5. Shark Handling and Disposition Practices by Fleet A5.5.1. Enyo fleet handling and disposition A5.5.2. Kinkai fleet handling and disposition A5.5.3. Engan fleet handling and disposition A5.6. Depredation and Gear Damage Issues A5.7. Methods of Onboard Storage of Retained Sharks A5.8. Practices Employed to Reduce Shark Capture and Depredation A5.9. Reasons for Discontinuing any Methods Attempted to Reduce Shark Interactions A5.10. Perceptions on Efficiency and Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce Shark Interactions A5.10.1. Avoiding Areas with Sharks A5.10.2. Refraining from chumming or bait/offal disposal A5.10.3. Changing target depth and soak time A5.10.4. Chemical and electrical deterrents A5.10.5. Artificial bait and other changes to bait type or attraction A5.10.6. Reducing injury to discarded sharks ix
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Page 9: Contents Summary and Conclusions 1
Page 13: Contents Appendix 8. USA Hawaii Lon
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Introduction and Methods
Page 21 and 22: Introduction and Methods 1.2. Metho
Page 23 and 24: Fishing Gear and Operational Charac
Page 25 and 26: Fishing Gear and Operational Charac
Page 27 and 28: Shark Catch Rates and Disposition T
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 4 National and Internationa
Page 31 and 32: National and International Measures
Page 33 and 34: Economic, Practical, Ecological and
Page 35 and 36: Economic, Practical, Ecological and
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 6 Industry Attitudes and Pr
Page 39 and 40: Industry Attitudes and Practices Lo
Page 41 and 42: Industry Attitudes and Practices Fi
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 7 Potential of Deterrents,
Page 45 and 46: Potential of Deterrents, Hotspot Av
Page 47 and 48: References Campana, S.E., L. Marks,
Page 49: References Neves dos Santos, M., Ga
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Appendix 5 Japan Pelagic Longline F
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Japan Pelagic Longline Fisheries Fi
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Japan Pelagic Longline Fisheries mo
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Japan Pelagic Longline Fisheries Ta
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Japan Pelagic Longline Fisheries A5
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Appendix 6 Peru Artisanal Mahimahi
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Peru Artisanal Mahimahi And Shark L
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Appendix 7 South Africa Pelagic Lon
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South Africa Pelagic Longline Tuna
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Appendix 8 USA Hawaii-based Pelagic
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USA Hawaii-based Pelagic Longline S
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Appendix 9 USA Atlantic, Gulf of Me
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USA Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Ca
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Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline

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