Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
Shark Depredation and Unwanted Bycatch in Pelagic Longline
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<strong>Shark</strong> <strong>Depredation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Unwanted</strong> <strong>Bycatch</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>e Fisheries<br />
A1.3.10. Catch storage<br />
A1.3.11. Trip length<br />
A1.3.12. Daily fish<strong>in</strong>g pattern<br />
A1.3.13. Market<br />
A1.4. <strong>Shark</strong> Species Encountered by <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>e Vessels <strong>in</strong> Australian Waters<br />
A1.5. <strong>Shark</strong> Catch Rates <strong>in</strong> Australian <strong>Pelagic</strong> Longl<strong>in</strong>e Fisheries<br />
A1.6. Influence of International Initiatives on Domestic <strong>Shark</strong> Management<br />
A1.7. National Management Processes for <strong>Shark</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Australia<br />
A1.8. National Regulations<br />
A1.8.1. Regulated fish<strong>in</strong>g effort<br />
A1.8.2. Retention limits per trip<br />
A1.8.3. F<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g at sea prohibition<br />
A1.8.4. Prohibited use of a wire trace<br />
A1.9. Fish<strong>in</strong>g Practices that Affect <strong>Shark</strong> Catches<br />
A1.9.1. Fish<strong>in</strong>g location<br />
A1.9.2. L<strong>in</strong>e set, soak <strong>and</strong> haul duration, depth <strong>and</strong> tim<strong>in</strong>g<br />
A1.9.3. Bait type<br />
A1.9.4. L<strong>in</strong>e weight<strong>in</strong>g<br />
A1.9.5. Method used to dispatch captured fish<br />
A1.9.6. Hook type<br />
A1.10. Survey of <strong>Shark</strong> Fish<strong>in</strong>g Practices, H<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g Strategies, <strong>and</strong> Fishers’ Op<strong>in</strong>ions of <strong>Shark</strong>s<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Shark</strong> Management<br />
A1.10.1. Methods<br />
A1.10.2. Survey results<br />
A1.11. References<br />
Appendix 2. Chile Artisanal Longl<strong>in</strong>e Mahimahi <strong>and</strong> <strong>Shark</strong> Fishery <strong>and</strong><br />
Longl<strong>in</strong>e Swordfish Fishery 55<br />
A2.1.<br />
A2.2.<br />
A2.3.<br />
A2.4.<br />
Artisanal Longl<strong>in</strong>e Fishery Characteristics<br />
The Industrial <strong>and</strong> Artisanal Swordfish Fishery<br />
The Elasmobranch Fishery<br />
Range of Fish<strong>in</strong>g Gear <strong>and</strong> Methods<br />
A2.4.1. Artisanal mahi mahi longl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
A2.4.2. Industrial swordfish fishery<br />
A2.5.<br />
A2.6.<br />
A2.7.<br />
A2.8.<br />
A2.9.<br />
A2.10.<br />
A2.11.<br />
A2.12.<br />
A2.13.<br />
A2.14.<br />
Catch <strong>and</strong> Discard Rates of Target <strong>and</strong> <strong>Bycatch</strong> Species<br />
Regulations <strong>and</strong> Management Framework<br />
<strong>Shark</strong> Market <strong>and</strong> Management Framework<br />
Economic, Social, <strong>and</strong> Ecological Effects, Includ<strong>in</strong>g Effects on Fish<strong>in</strong>g Practices, from Regulations<br />
Govern<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions<br />
Practices to Deal with Caught <strong>Shark</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Costs from <strong>Shark</strong> <strong>Depredation</strong> <strong>and</strong> Gear Damage<br />
Methods for Onboard Process<strong>in</strong>g of Reta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>Shark</strong>s<br />
Reasons for Discard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Shark</strong>s<br />
Practices Employed to Reduce <strong>Shark</strong> Capture <strong>and</strong> <strong>Depredation</strong><br />
Reasons for Discont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g any Methods Attempted to Reduce <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions<br />
Perceptions on Efficacy <strong>and</strong> Commercial Viability of Strategies to Reduce <strong>Shark</strong> Interactions<br />
A2.14.1. Avoid<strong>in</strong>g peak areas <strong>and</strong> times of shark abundance<br />
A2.14.2. Reduc<strong>in</strong>g the detection of baited hooks by sharks, such as by refra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g from<br />
chumm<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g the set <strong>and</strong> not discard<strong>in</strong>g offal <strong>and</strong> spent bait dur<strong>in</strong>g the haul<br />
A2.14.3. Limit<strong>in</strong>g shark access to baited hooks, such as alter<strong>in</strong>g fish<strong>in</strong>g practices to consider deployment<br />
depth of hooks <strong>and</strong> tim<strong>in</strong>g of the soak <strong>and</strong> haul to avoid problematic shark species<br />
A2.14.4. Deterr<strong>in</strong>g sharks such as with chemical shark deterrents <strong>and</strong> electrical deterrents<br />
A2.14.5. Reduc<strong>in</strong>g the attractiveness of baited hooks to sharks, such as by us<strong>in</strong>g artificial baits, us<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
not us<strong>in</strong>g light sticks, or avoid<strong>in</strong>g a bait type known to result <strong>in</strong> high shark catch rates<br />
A2.14.6. Reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>jury to hooked sharks that you will discard<br />
A2.14.7. Reduc<strong>in</strong>g shark retention by avoid<strong>in</strong>g a specific size or type of hook, or by not us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
wire leaders on branch l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
A2.14.8. Will the economic impact of sharks be reduced from us<strong>in</strong>g a wire leader on branch l<strong>in</strong>es<br />
A2.14.9. Most important factor that affects shark CPUE<br />
A2.15.<br />
A2.16.<br />
A2.17.<br />
Incentives <strong>and</strong> Attitudes on Reduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Shark</strong> <strong>Bycatch</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Depredation</strong><br />
Support<strong>in</strong>g Figures<br />
References<br />
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