Friday, April 1, 2011: Women, Gender, and the Family; The Religion ...
Friday, April 1, 2011: Women, Gender, and the Family; The Religion ...
Friday, April 1, 2011: Women, Gender, and the Family; The Religion ...
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OUTLINE<br />
<strong>Friday</strong>, <strong>April</strong> 1, <strong>2011</strong>: <strong>Women</strong>, <strong>Gender</strong>,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Family</strong>; <strong>The</strong> <strong>Religion</strong> of <strong>the</strong><br />
Laity<br />
A. NOTIONS ABOUT WOMEN AND THE QUERELLE DES FEMMES<br />
B. THE LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN AND THE ROLES THAT WOMEN<br />
PLAYED<br />
C. THE PROBLEM OF EVIDENCE AND ACCESSING THE RELIGION<br />
OF THE LAITY<br />
D. EVIDENCE OF STRONG LAY SENTIMENTS 1660S-MID<br />
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY<br />
E. CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS SENTIMENT IN THE EIGHTEENTH<br />
CENTURYEIGHTEENTH CENTURY
A. NOTIONS ABOUT WOMEN AND THE<br />
QUERELLE DES FEMMES<br />
-chief texts used by traditional writers: Bible,<br />
Aristotle<br />
-arguments used by proto-feminists<br />
--issues of gender constructions, education, inner<br />
natures, specific examples of “women worthies”<br />
--<strong>the</strong> cartésiennes
Gislebertus, Eve<br />
c. 1130<br />
Stone<br />
Musée Rolin, Autun<br />
Source: Web Gallery of Art
Source: http://www.artchive.com/artchive/e/el_greco/el_greco_st_paul.jpg<br />
ARISTOTLE
Two of Simon Vouet’s images of <strong>the</strong> Virgin Mary<br />
Sources: http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/images/viergelouvre05.jpg; http://www.<strong>the</strong>arttribune.com/local/cache-vignettes/L238xH290/Vouet_Vierge-a6ec5-e8339.jpg
Artemisia GENTILESCHI, Judith Beheading Holofernes<br />
1612-21 Oil on canvas, 199 x 162 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence; source: Web Gallery of Art
Simon Vouet, Judith avec la tête d'Holopherne<br />
Source: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/41/86159980_9226b7b8c3.jpg?v=0
René Descartes<br />
Frans Hals<br />
c. 1649<br />
Oil on panel, 19 x 14 cm<br />
Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen<br />
Source: Web Gallery of Art
François Poullain de la Barre, On <strong>the</strong> Equality of <strong>the</strong> Two Sexes
B. THE LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN<br />
AND THE ROLES THAT WOMEN<br />
PLAYED<br />
-differences in marriage <strong>and</strong> widowhood<br />
(minor/major)<br />
-séparation des biens; séparation des corps -<strong>the</strong><br />
material from Loudun<br />
--prosopographic dataset of 216 widows<br />
-non-domestic roles that women played: midwives,<br />
revendeuses publiques, march<strong>and</strong>es publiques<br />
-<strong>the</strong> salons
Widows Prosopographic Dataset:<br />
Socio-Professional Distribution of <strong>the</strong> Deceased Husb<strong>and</strong><br />
Row Protestant Catholic<br />
Socio-Professional Category Summary # % of total # % of total<br />
officiers: level one 6 5 3.5% 1 1.3%<br />
officiers: level two 34 26 18.4% 8 10.5%<br />
officiers: level three 21 18 12.8% 3 3.9%<br />
officiers: level four 16 10 7.1% 6 7.9%<br />
doctors/principals/pastors 4 4 2.8%<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r medical personnel 7 6 4.3% 1 1.3%<br />
"sieur de" 29 26 18.4% 3 3.9%<br />
merchants 35 25 17.7% 10 13.2%<br />
artisans 32 7 5.0% 25 32.9%<br />
laboureurs 1 1 1.3%<br />
lesser agricultural workers 3 3 3.9%<br />
undetermined 28 13 9.2% 15 19.7%<br />
Totals: 216 140 76
Remarriage of Catholic <strong>and</strong> Protestant Widows<br />
Data Summary (sample)<br />
Husb<strong>and</strong>'s Date of Date of Aprox. Widowhood<br />
Widow's Name Husb<strong>and</strong>'s Name Profession Relig'n Marriage Husb<strong>and</strong>'s Death Remarriage Data Period (yrs)<br />
GENEBAULT, DE CERISAY, Bailli in <strong>the</strong> Bailliage cath. 1614 1651-1652 still widowed in 1674 12<br />
Madeleine Guillaume<br />
DUMOUSTIER, AMONNET, Élu in <strong>the</strong> Élection prot. 1630 betw. 1662+1663 still widowed in 1676 13<br />
Mar<strong>the</strong><br />
Mathieu<br />
DECERISIERS, BASTARD, Pierre Élu in <strong>the</strong> Élection prot. bef. 1621 betw. 1630+1636 still widowed in 1665 29<br />
Elisabeth<br />
DE BURGES, BRITAULT, Tristan Élu in <strong>the</strong> Élection prot. around 1591 betw. 1608+1620 still widowed in 1630 10<br />
Guillemine<br />
CESVET, Suzanne SASSERIE, René Élu in <strong>the</strong> Élection prot. bef. 1624 betw. 1629+1631 still widowed in 1669 38<br />
DUMOUSTIER, OLLIVIER, Jacob Élu in <strong>the</strong> Élection prot. 1611 betw. 1654+1656 still widowed in 1672 16<br />
Ca<strong>the</strong>rine<br />
DESIRÉ, Françoise BONNEAU, Pierre Avocat du Roi cath. bef. 1593 betw. 1615+1621 still widowed in 1622 1<br />
(Élection)<br />
DE BROU, Renée ROGIER, Charles Councillor (Bailliage) cath. bef. 1609 betw. 1629+1631 still widowed in 1645 14<br />
AUDEBERT, CHAUVET, King's Procurator cath. bef. 1596 betw. 1608+1612 dies in 1628, still<br />
16<br />
Marguerite Auguste<br />
(Élection/Gren. à Sel)<br />
widowed<br />
MARIETTE,<br />
Marguerite<br />
GAULTIER, Pierre Lawyer cath. 1629 betw. 1641+1644 still widowed in 1669 25<br />
ROBIN, Jeanne<br />
DE SAINTE-<br />
MARTHE, Irenée<br />
CHASTON, Claude BELHOMME,<br />
Jacques<br />
MESMIN, Louise AUBIN, Paul Secretary to <strong>the</strong><br />
Queen<br />
Mo<strong>the</strong>r/Huissier des<br />
Ordres du Roi<br />
Receveur des tailles cath. bef. 1610 betw. 1634+1638 dies betw.<br />
1658+1662, still<br />
widowed<br />
24<br />
Receveur des tailles cath. betw. 1626 remaries in 1638 12<br />
1596+1604<br />
cath. 1630 betw. 1648+1654 still widowed in 1679 25
Table 2: Period of Widowhood<br />
Number of Approximate Years between Husb<strong>and</strong>'s Number of Catholic Protestant<br />
Death <strong>and</strong> Widow's Death or Remarriage cases # % # %<br />
0-2 years 51 17 24% 34 26%<br />
3-5 years 36 16 23% 20 16%<br />
6-9 years 26 5 7% 21 16%<br />
10-14 years 32 16 23% 16 12%<br />
15-19 years 16 6 8% 10 8%<br />
20-29 years 23 7 10% 16 12%<br />
30 <strong>and</strong> above 16 4 6% 12 9%<br />
200 71 129
Source: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Jean-Marc_Nattier_-_Madame_Geoffrin.JPG<br />
Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin
Source: http://www.wga.hu/art/l/lemonnie/geoffrin.jpg
Catholic-Protestant<br />
relations<br />
French Catholicism <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
slave trade<br />
Catholicism in France <strong>and</strong> New France<br />
Proselytization <strong>and</strong><br />
confrontation with<br />
non-Christian religions<br />
Moderate <strong>and</strong> militant<br />
Popular<br />
religion <strong>and</strong><br />
elite religion
C. THE PROBLEM OF EVIDENCE AND<br />
ACCESSING THE RELIGION OF THE LAITY<br />
-difficulty involved in <strong>the</strong> documentation<br />
-<strong>the</strong> different phases of a <strong>the</strong> religious life<br />
of a French Catholic
D. EVIDENCE OF STRONG LAY<br />
SENTIMENTS 1660S-MID EIGHTEENTH<br />
CENTURY<br />
-<strong>the</strong> apogee of <strong>the</strong> confraternities<br />
-“<strong>the</strong> triumph of <strong>the</strong> clergy”
COUNCIL OF TRENT<br />
Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t970/T970379A.jpg
Philippe de Champaigne,<br />
Annunciation (1644)<br />
Source: http://www.oceansbridge.com/oil-paintings/section.php?xSec=1193
http://jeanmichel.guyon.free.fr/monsite/histoire/metiers/resu3.jpg<br />
Sanctuaires à répit
E. DECHRISTIANIZATION IN THE<br />
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY<br />
-changes in religious sentiment<br />
-evidence<br />
i) changing attitudes towards death<br />
ii) decline in priestly vocations<br />
iii) <strong>the</strong> decreased recruitment of confraternities<br />
-impact of <strong>the</strong> Enlightenment?<br />
-struggles within <strong>the</strong> French Catholic Church, i.e.<br />
over Jansenism
Source: http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/r/ramsay/d_hume.jpg<br />
VOLTAIRE<br />
DIDEROT<br />
Source: http://www.deism.com/images/Voltaire.jpg<br />
Source: http://www.french-ital.ucsb.edu/classes/images/diderot.jpg
Change in printed matter,<br />
1720-1780<br />
Religious works: declines from 35% to<br />
10% of all printed matter<br />
Works on science <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> arts: increases<br />
from 20 to 33%<br />
That’s <strong>the</strong> material that could be published legally…
Phiippe de Champaigne, Still-Life with a Skull<br />
Oil on panel, 28 x 37 cm<br />
Musée de Tessé, Le Mans, source: Web Gallery of Art
Philippe Champaigne, Ex Voto 1662
MOOGK CHAPTER<br />
• OUTLINE<br />
• A. THE ROLE OF THE NATURAL<br />
ENVIRONMENT IN THE RELIGION<br />
OF NEW FRANCE<br />
• B. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLERICS<br />
AND LAYPEOPLE<br />
• C. CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGE
http://homepage.mac.com/lynnoel/crosscurrents/_Media/Scan20026_medium.png<br />
La Chasse-Galerie
A modern group of voyageurs seen en route on <strong>the</strong>ir homeward journey<br />
Source: http://www.pc.gc.ca/voyage-travel/voyagistes-traveltrade/itm3-/images/qc04_e.jpg