The Books of Enoch, Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4

30 INTRODUCTION
into a gulf which will open up in the desert which is in (or between) Dadouel,
T17V eprjiMov rrjv ovaav iv T& AahovqX (lo: 4).^ Daddu'el 'the (two) breasts of
'Er is the exact replica of the Akkadian MasUy 'twin mountains', the mountain
which 'looks upon the sun at its setting and at its rising' {Gilgames^ ix. ii. 9).
From the third millennium Mesopotamian cylinders represent the star-god
appearing between these twin summits. The gloomy desert which stretches
between the mountains of the West and the East, according to En. 10: 4,
is identical with the eprjiMos of En. 18: 12, the l^'nDlQ of En. 77: 3 (4QEnastr^
23 9), and the XDT Xn3ia of the Book of Giants (see below, p. 306). The
prison of 'A^a'el is thus situated in the extreme North, just like the prison
of the seven erring stars and of the fallen angels in En. 18-19. In Christian
times the author of the Book of Parables was to place in the same region the
male monster with the name Behemoth, 'who occupies with his breast the
immense desert, named DSnddin\ situated to the east of Paradise (En. 60: 8;
and for the north-western position of Paradise, 70: 3). The place-name
is obviously deddain, 'twin breasts'.^ The punishment of the wicked angels
and of their progeny is synchronized by the author of En. 6-19 with the
destruction of humanity by the flood, both these happenings being predicted
by Enoch and carried out by the four archangels, Mtka^ely ^arfely Rafa^ely
and Gabrf el {En. 9-io).3
The crucial problem of En. 6-19 is its literary relationship to Gen. 6:
1-4, as well as to other elements of the antediluvian history of Gen. 4-8. In
his excellent study 'La l^gende d'Henoch dans les apocryphes et dans la
Bible: son origine et signification',^ P. Grelot finds 'une r^f^rence immediate
de I'H^noch juif a ses modeles m^sopotamiens' (p. 24), making explicit
' The reading of C must be kept, as against two mountains which are designated by the
AovSarjX in Syncellus and the Greek model of term Ma^ol Boppd, Ubera Aquilonis, See, e.g.,
the Ethiopic version, for XTT, pronounced A. R. Anderson, Alexander's Gate, Gog and
daddd, signifies in Aramaic 'breast*. Magog, and the Enclosed Nations, 1932, passim
* By a strange coincidence the Babylonian and in particular p. 43 (an explanation, in my
name for 'twin mountains*, Mahi, reappears in opinion inexact, of this term),
the Greek Romance of Alexander, with the ^ The fragment 4QEn^ i iii 7 gives the
same meaning as in Aramaic. This new Gil- exact form of the name of the second angel,
gameS too will visit the mountain of the west, VK''ltt^(cf. also IQM ix 15-16: Mika'el, GaM^el,
called Masis or Musas, An alternative transcrip- Sarfel, RafcLeV), The inattentiveness of a Greek
tion of Mahi would be MaZjos (cf. 'A^a'el ^ copyist was to change it to Ovpvr\\, the form
-Mfar/A in Enoch; Mapeaa and Mape^a, for which it henceforth retained in Christian and
Mari^ah, in the Zenon papyri). Now, when Jewish tradition.
Alexander, having arrived in the far North wishes * Recherches de science religieuse, xlvi (1958),
to construct a doorway to enclose the northern 5-26 and 181-210.
tribes, he asks the god to bring together the