Silobela - Zimbabwe Parliament
Silobela - Zimbabwe Parliament
Silobela - Zimbabwe Parliament
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SILOBELA CONSTITUENCY<br />
1: Executive Summary<br />
The survey was in response to a request from Honourable Abedinigo Malinga,<br />
the Member of <strong>Parliament</strong> for <strong>Silobela</strong> Constituency for assistance in collecting<br />
information pertaining to the social, economic and political profiles of his<br />
constituency. This information is intended for planning purposes in the<br />
constituency, for use when sourcing developmental funds, for use by other<br />
interested members and to enable the Member of <strong>Parliament</strong> to debate issues in<br />
<strong>Parliament</strong> from an informed position.<br />
2: Introduction<br />
<strong>Silobela</strong> Constituency is one of the 16 constituencies found in the Midlands<br />
province. According to the 2000 Delimitation Commission Report (p.123 - 124)<br />
<strong>Silobela</strong> Constituency is “An area of land bounded by a line drawn from the<br />
intersection of Gweru River and the boundary of Nkayi Communal Land,<br />
proceeding south-eastwards up to the Gweru River to the south-westernmost<br />
beacon of Boulderwood of the Main Belt Block; thence eastwards along the<br />
southern boundary of Boulderwood of the Main Belt Block, so as to exclude it, to<br />
its easternmost beacon; then north-westwards along the western boundaries of<br />
Honeybird Farm of the Main Belt Block and Ely of the Main Belt Block to the<br />
westernmost beacon of Ely of the Main Belt Block thence eastwards along the<br />
northern boundary of Ely of the Main Belt Block to a point of map reference<br />
35KQJ563934 on the 1:50 000 Map Hozori 1929A2, Edition 2; thence<br />
northwards along the western boundary of the former Lot 1 of Southcum (as<br />
shown on Surveyor-General Diagram 1533/59 filed in the office of the Surveyor-<br />
General, Bulawayo),proceeding further northwards along the western boundary<br />
of Lot 2 of Southcum; thence north-westwards and northwards along the<br />
southern and western boundaries of the Remainder of Southcum to its<br />
northernmost beacon; thence north-westwards straight through the State Land<br />
along the western boundary of the former Gabbari Extension to its intersection<br />
by the southern boundary of Blue Ranch; thence eastwards along the southern<br />
boundary of Blue Ranch, so as to exclude it, to its easternmost beacon; thence<br />
north-westwards along the eastern boundary of Blue Ranch to its intersection by<br />
the Sesombi River, down the Sesombi River in a north-easterly direction to the<br />
northernmost beacon of the former The Craigs (as shown on CT1536 filed in the<br />
office of the Surveyor-General, Bulawayo); thence along the northern boundary<br />
of the former Borisvale (as shown on SG Diagram 3225/58 filed in the office of<br />
the Surveyor-General Bulawayo); thence north-eastwards along the northwestern<br />
boundary of the former Princess Park (as shown on General Plan
DT455 filed in the office of the Surveyor-General Bulawayo); to its intersection<br />
by the Sebakwe River; thence up the Sebakwe River to its confluence with the<br />
Kwekwe River, proceeding up Kwekwe River to its intersection by the northeasternmost<br />
beacon of Lot 1A Riverlea; thence south-westwards along the<br />
northern boundaries of the following properties, so as to exclude them:<br />
Grasslands Estate, Lot 12 of Riverlea and Lot 11 of Riverlea up to the northwesternmost<br />
beacon of the latter; thence southwards and north-westwards and<br />
northwards along the eastern, southern and western boundaries of Lot 1 of<br />
Camberwell, so as to include it; thence westwards, southwards and southwestwards<br />
along the boundaries of the following properties, so as to exclude<br />
them: Lot 1 of Basildon, Lot 2 of Basildon, Lot 4A of Basildon, Road, Lot 6 of<br />
Basildon and Newlands to the westernmost beacon of the latter; thence<br />
eastwards along the southern boundary of Newlands up to the north-western<br />
beacon of the Remainder of Upsala of the Main Belt Block; thence southwards<br />
and eastwards along the western and southern boundaries of the Remainder of<br />
Upsala of the Main Belt Block, proceeding further eastwards along the southern<br />
boundaries of Lot 2 of Upsala of the Main Belt Block and Lot 1 of Upsala of the<br />
Main Belt Block to the south-eastern beacon of Lot 1 of Upsala of the Main Belt<br />
Block; thence northwards along the eastern boundary of Lot 1 of Upsala of the<br />
Main Belt Block, so as to exclude it, to its north-eastern beacon; thence<br />
eastwards along the southern boundaries of the following properties, so as to<br />
exclude them: Grasslands Estate and Naseby up to the latter’s southern<br />
boundary’s intersection with the Gweru/Kwekwe road; thence southwards along<br />
that road up to a point where it intersects with the road to Redcliff; thence southwestwards<br />
along that road to its intersection by the north-western boundary of<br />
the Remainder of Rennin of the Main Belt Block; thence south-westwards along<br />
the north-western boundaries of the following properties, so as to exclude them:<br />
the Remainder of Rennin of the Main Belt Block, Engelbrecht Estate of the Main<br />
Belt Block and Lot A of Redfields of the Main Belt Block up to the easternmost<br />
beacon of Lot A of Quorn of The Main Belt Block; thence north-westwards,<br />
south-westwards along the north-eastern and northwestern boundaries of Lot A<br />
of Quorn of The Main Belt Block to its last boundary’s intersection with the<br />
Kwekwe River; thence north-westwards down the Kwekwe River up to its<br />
confluence with its tributary from the southwest at a point of map reference<br />
35KQJ892940 on the 1:50 000 Map Torwood 1929B1, Edition 3; thence<br />
southwestwards up that tributary to its confluence with its tributary at a point of<br />
map reference 35KQJ879917 on the 1:50 000 Map Torwood 1929B1, Edition 3;<br />
thence up that tributary to its intersection with the northern boundary of<br />
Bridgewater of The Quantocks; thence westwards, south-eastwards and<br />
eastwards along the northern, western and southern boundaries of Bridgewater<br />
of The Quantocks to its easternmost beacon; thence south-eastwards and
southwards along the boundaries of the following properties, so as to include<br />
them: Nettlethorn of the Main Belt Block, Melrose of the Main Belt Block to its<br />
easternmost beacon; thence westwards along he southern boundaries of<br />
Melrose of the Main Belt Block, Lime Ridge of the Main Belt Block, the<br />
Remainder of Kingswood of the Main Belt Block, Jumita of the Main Belt Block,<br />
Ingle Nook of the Main Belt Block, Humewood of the Main Belt Block, the<br />
Remainder of Glen Rock, Subdivision 1 of Glen Rock of the Main Belt Block and<br />
Deep Dene of the Main Belt Block to the Gweru River; thence generally southwestwards<br />
along the north-western boundary of Lower Gweru Communal Land<br />
to its intersection by the Vungu River; thence south-westwards along the<br />
boundaries of the following properties, so as to include them: south-westwards<br />
along the south-eastern boundaries of the former Lot 1A of Thompson Farms (as<br />
shown on Diagram 458/73 filed in the office of the Surveyor-General, Bulawayo)<br />
and the former Langton Ranch (as shown on Diagram 609/69 filed in the office<br />
of the Surveyor-General, Bulawayo) and north-westwards along the eastern<br />
boundary of the former Kenilworth Block Estate (as shown on Diagram 1157/75<br />
filed in the office of the Surveyor-General, Bulawayo), to its second intersection<br />
by the Shangani River, so as to exclude it; thence generally northwards down<br />
the Shangani River to its intersection by the northern boundary of former<br />
Ednovean (as shown on General Plan BT2508 filed in the office of the Surveyor-<br />
General, Bulawayo); thence northwards along the western boundaries of<br />
<strong>Silobela</strong> and Zhombe Communal Lands to the starting point”.<br />
<strong>Silobela</strong> constituency has 41 970 registered voters.<br />
The data in this report was compiled and analysed using the ward as the basic<br />
unit of analysis. This is because it is believed that when the data is so arranged,<br />
it would be easier to understand and to be used by the Member of <strong>Parliament</strong>. It<br />
is also more useful and worthwhile for the Member of <strong>Parliament</strong> to be cognisant<br />
of the presence or absence of infrastructure in his/her constituency starting from<br />
the ward level. It is the intention of <strong>Parliament</strong> to have a regular update of the<br />
data so that it remains relevant and useful to the Member of <strong>Parliament</strong>. Please<br />
note that a summary of the findings of the survey in graph form is found in the<br />
appendix to this report.<br />
NAMES OF WARDS<br />
<strong>Silobela</strong> constituency is made up of 18 wards: nine urban and nine rural.<br />
URBAN WARDS<br />
3: Ward 1
This Ward has 1 primary school and 1 crèche. The ward has a housing waiting<br />
list of 2 185 people.<br />
3.1 Education<br />
Torwood Primary School is located in Ward 1 and is a privately owned school<br />
in the constituency. It was established in 1965. The school has an enrolment<br />
of 320 boys and 304 girls with a staff complement of 21 trained teachers. It is a<br />
day school and has no hot seating.<br />
There are no secondary schools in the ward.<br />
3.2 Health Facilities<br />
There are no health facilities in the ward.<br />
3.3 Business and Service Centres<br />
In Ward 1 there are 2 business centres, which are Narans and Runyaro. Narans<br />
is a shopping centre and Runyararo is a beer hall<br />
3.4 Dams<br />
There are no dams in the ward<br />
4: Ward 2<br />
The Ward has no crèches, 1 primary school, no secondary schools, 1<br />
clinic/hospital and 1 football pitch. The ward also has a housing waiting list of 2<br />
185 people. A number of recreational facilities have been vandalised, such as<br />
the tennis and basket ball courts.<br />
4.1 Education<br />
George Hill Primary School is a Council owned day school located in Ward 2<br />
having been established in 1978. Enrolment currently stands at 397 boys and<br />
440 girls with a staff complement of 21 trained and 2 untrained teachers. It has<br />
no hot seating.<br />
Redcliff High School established in 1966 is a privately owned secondary<br />
school. The school has an enrolment of 485 boys and 392 girls with a staff<br />
complement of 47 trained teachers. It has no hot seating. The school teaches up<br />
to ‘A’ level.<br />
4.2 Health Facilities
There are 3 health facilities in the ward. There is 1 council owned clinic in Ward<br />
that is Torwood Clinic, which was built in 1993. It has no resident doctors and 2<br />
nurses. There are also two privately owned health facilities which are:<br />
Dongijena Surgery and Torwood Bell Medical Centre. Dongijena surgery was<br />
established in 1998 and has 1 resident doctor and 1 nurse. It has a telephone<br />
line. Torwood Bell Medical Centre was previously known as Torwood hospital,<br />
owned by ZISCO. Torwood hospital was then sold to Torwood Bell Medical<br />
Centre. The Centre has 2 resident doctors, 8 nurses and a pharmacy. The<br />
centre has 8 beds in its maternity ward and 32 in the other wards. It has a<br />
mortuary and an ambulance. The infant mortality rate is 5%. The Centre has<br />
electricity.<br />
4.3 Dams<br />
• There are no dams in this ward<br />
4.4 NGOs<br />
There are no NGOs in this area.<br />
4.5 Business Centres<br />
There are no business centres in this area.<br />
4.6 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are no animal health and management facilities in the ward.<br />
5: Ward 3<br />
This ward has 4 surgeries and no schools or crèches. It has a housing waiting<br />
list of 2 185 people.<br />
5.1 Education<br />
There are no primary schools in the ward or secondary schools in the ward.<br />
5.2 Health Facilities<br />
There are four surgeries in the area. They are owned by Dr Nhenga (1998), Dr<br />
Senderayi (1999), Dr Mapanda (2000) and Dr Dzoro. Two surgeries belonging<br />
to Dr Dzoro and Dr Mapanda are not operational. The surgeries owned by Dr<br />
Nhenga and Dr Senderayi have each one doctor and one nurse.
5.3 Business Centres<br />
There are 14 urban business centres in Ward 3, which are A & S Supermarket,<br />
Shumba Investments, Mkwena Store, Power Sales, Rugare butchery, Denz and<br />
Pearl, Dees Superette, Woodstock supermarket, Rurage bottle store, Rugare<br />
store, Gambiza bottle store, Kushinga bottle store, Dew Cool and Bach<br />
superette.<br />
5.4 Dams<br />
There are no dams in the ward.<br />
5.5 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are no animal health and management facilities in the ward.<br />
5.6 NGOs<br />
There are no registered NGOs operating in this Ward.<br />
6: Ward 4<br />
There is one crèche, 1 primary school, 1 secondary school, no high school, 1<br />
college, one clinic and a children’s playing centre in the Ward.<br />
6.1 Education<br />
There is Richard John Davies Primary School, which is privately owned. It<br />
was built in 1977 and has an enrolment of 529 boys and 505 girls. There are 26<br />
trained teachers and 2 who are not trained. It is a day school and it has no hot<br />
seating arrangements. The school needs an additional two teachers to have a<br />
full staff complement.<br />
There is only 1 secondary school in this Ward, which is Batanai. This school<br />
offers subjects up to ‘O’ level. It has an enrolment of 509 boys and 517 girls. It is<br />
a private school and has 36 trained and 5 untrained teachers. It is a day school<br />
and has hot seating arrangements.<br />
6.2 Health Facilities<br />
There is one surgery in the ward and is manned by a nurse.
6.3 Business Centres<br />
There is on resource business centre, which is Runyararo beer hall.<br />
6.4 Dams<br />
There are no dams in the ward.<br />
6.5 Animal health and management facilities<br />
There are no health and management facilities in the area.<br />
7: Ward 5<br />
The ward has one 1 crèche, 2 primary schools, no secondary schools and 1<br />
college. The ward has a housing waiting list of 13 396 people.<br />
7.1 Education<br />
There is Rutendo Primary School, which is owned by government and was<br />
established in 1975. It has an enrolment of 659 boys and 641 girls. It has a staff<br />
establishment of 33 trained teachers. It is a day school and has hot seating<br />
facilities.<br />
There is also Mafidhi Mnangagwa Primary School, which was established in<br />
1975 and is a privately owned. It has an enrolment of 390 boys and 370 girls. It<br />
has a staff compliment of 18 trained and one untrained teachers. It is a day<br />
school and has hot seating arrangements.<br />
There are no secondary schools in the ward.<br />
7.2 Health facilities<br />
There is 1 surgery in this Ward: Rutendo Clinic. It has 2 residential doctors and<br />
1 nurse.<br />
7.3 Business Centres<br />
There are two business centres which are: Tanaka and Zvananhowe. They are<br />
ordinary shops.<br />
7.4 NGO’s
There are no NGOs operating in the area.<br />
7.5 Dams<br />
There are no dams in the ward.<br />
7.6 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are no animal health and management facilities.<br />
8: Ward 6<br />
There is 1 crèche, 1 secondary school, 1 college, 2 clinics and one football pitch.<br />
The housing waiting list stands at 13 396 people.<br />
8.1 Education<br />
There are no primary schools in the ward, however there is a secondary school<br />
called Matts College, located in Ward 6. It is privately owned and was<br />
established in 2002 and offers subjects up to “A” Level. It has an enrolment of 14<br />
boys and 13 girls with a staff complement of 2 trained and 3 untrained teachers.<br />
It is a day school and does not have hot seating arrangements. Rutendo High<br />
School also located in Ward 6 is government owned and was established in<br />
1983. It offers subjects up to “O” Level. It has an enrolment of 382 boys and 389<br />
girls with a staff complement of 29 trained teachers. It is a day school and has<br />
hot seating arrangements.<br />
8.2 Health Facilities<br />
The survey established that there are 2 clinics and 2 surgeries in the ward<br />
namely, Rutendo and Rusununguko Poly. The surgeries are Mutsai and<br />
Ngenga.<br />
Rutendo Para-Clinic was built in 1976 and is owned. There are no resident<br />
doctors but it is serviced by 2 nurses. It has a telephone and electricity.<br />
Rusununguko Poly Clinic was built in 1999 and is privately owned. There is<br />
one resident doctor and 3 nurses. There is 1 maternity bed and 5 others. It is<br />
electrified and has telephone facilities.<br />
Mutsai Surgery has one doctor and is privately owned. It has electricity and<br />
telephone facilities.<br />
Nhenga Surgery has one doctor and is privately owned. It has electricity and<br />
telephone facilities.
8.3 Business Centres<br />
There are 9 urban service centres in this ward which are Zvevanhowe<br />
enterprises, Mhokore enterprises, Chemhere shops, Baghdad enterprises, Drive<br />
Inn bar, Brandts butchery and grocery Vhengerere, Rutendo beer hall and<br />
Rutendo Administration offices. The ward has a police station, 2 clinics, and a<br />
post office.<br />
8.4 NGOs<br />
There are no NGOs operating in the area.<br />
8.5 Dams<br />
There are no dams in the ward<br />
8.6 Animal Health and Management Facilities.<br />
There are no animal health and management facilities.<br />
9: Ward 7<br />
There are 2 crèches, 1 primary school, 1 clinic and no secondary schools. There<br />
are 2 football pitches, 2 tennis courts, 1 basketball court and other recreational<br />
facilities.<br />
9.1 Education<br />
Redcliff Primary School has an enrolment of 581 boys and 546 girls. It was<br />
established in 1950. There are 29 trained teachers and 2 who are not are trained.<br />
It is a day school and is owned by government. It has no hot seating sessions.<br />
There are no secondary schools in the ward.<br />
9.2 Health Facilities<br />
There are 3 health facilities in the Ward, which are Redcliff Municipality,<br />
Mapanda surgery and Medical Centre.<br />
Redcliff municipality clinic is government owned and was built in 1986. It has 3<br />
nurses and no resident doctor. It has one bed, one ambulance and has<br />
electricity and telephone services.<br />
Mapanda surgery was built in 1996 and is privately owned. It has one doctor<br />
and one general bed. It is electrified and has telephone services.
Medical Centre was built in 1953 and is privately owned. It has I resident doctor<br />
and 8 nurses. It has 6 maternity beds and 12 general beds. It as 2 ambulances<br />
is electrified and has telephone services.<br />
9.3 Dams<br />
There are no dams in the ward.<br />
9.4 Business Centres<br />
There are no urban resource business centres in the ward.<br />
9.5 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are no animal health and management facilities in the ward<br />
9.6 NGO’s<br />
There are no NGOs which are operational in the ward.<br />
10: Ward 8<br />
There are a number of clinics and private surgeries in the ward. There are no<br />
schools or crèches in the ward.<br />
10.1 Education<br />
There are no primary schools or secondary schools located in the area.<br />
10.2 Health Facilities<br />
There are 3 health facilities in the ward. Stanley House Clinic is a private<br />
surgery. It is a private surgery with 3 resident doctors and 1 nurse. It has one<br />
bed in the maternity ward. The surgery has electricity and telephone services.<br />
There are a number of doctors under Dr Wars and Partners. Dondo surgery<br />
has one resident doctor and 2 nurses. The doctor also has a drug store for his<br />
patients. It is privately owned and it has been electrified. Dongijena surgery has<br />
one doctor and one nurse. It is electrified and has telephone services. There is<br />
one pharmacy in the ward called T and S.<br />
10.3 Business Centres<br />
The Ward has one business centre called Sir Cornelius Mall (Red Cliff Shopping<br />
Mall). There is a police station, a clinic and 2 surgeries, three banking institutions
and one post office. There is a hotel, a departmental store, two gas stations, and<br />
a shopping complex.<br />
10.4 Dams<br />
There are no dams in the areas<br />
10.5 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are no animal health and management facilities<br />
10.6 NGOs<br />
There are no NGOs operating in the area<br />
11: Ward 9<br />
There are 3 crèches, no schools or health facilities. There is a golf club in the<br />
ward<br />
11.1 Education<br />
There are no primary schools or secondary schools n the<br />
11.2 Business centres<br />
There are no business centres in the ward<br />
11.3 Health Facilities<br />
There are no health facilities in the ward.<br />
11.4 Dams<br />
There are no dams in the ward<br />
11.5 Animal Health and Management Facilities.<br />
There is one animal health and management centre situated in Redcliff. The<br />
veterinary clinic operates once a week.<br />
11.6 NGO’s<br />
There are no NGOs operating in the ward.<br />
RURAL WARDS
12: Ward 3 (Resettled Farms)<br />
Ward 3 falls under two chiefs. It is in the resettlement areas. There are no<br />
crèches, 9 primary schools, 1 secondary school, 1 high school and no clinic in<br />
this ward.<br />
12.1 Education<br />
Bembezahi Primary School was established in 1950 and is privately owned. It<br />
has an enrolment of 26 boys and 17 girls. The school has 3 trained teachers and<br />
has no hot seating arrangements. It is a day school.<br />
Tore Primary School was established in 1982 and is owned by government. It<br />
has an enrolment of 52 boys and 67 girls. The school has a staff complement of<br />
4 trained teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating sessions.<br />
Melrose Primary School was established in 2003 and is owned by the<br />
government. With an enrolment of 80 boys and 76 girls the school has 6 trained<br />
teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating arrangements.<br />
Newlands Primary School was established in 1982 and is owned by the<br />
government. It has an enrolment of 54 boys and 40 girls. The school has 3<br />
trained teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating arrangements.<br />
Lyons Primary School was established in 2002 and is owned by the<br />
government. With an enrolment of 80 boys and 87 girls the school has 4 trained<br />
teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating arrangements.<br />
Belleville Primary School was established in 1984 and is owned by the<br />
government. With an enrolment of 100 boys and 104 girls the school has 6<br />
trained teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating arrangements.<br />
Mpumelelo Primary School was established in 2002 and is owned by the<br />
government. With an enrolment of 104 boys and 70 girls the school has 7<br />
trained teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating arrangements.<br />
Riverlea Primary School was established in 1981 and is privately owned. It has<br />
an enrolment of 164 boys and 154 girls. The school has 11 trained teachers. It is<br />
a day school and has no hot seating arrangements.<br />
Born Accord Primary School was established in 2003 and is owned by the<br />
government. With an enrolment of 64 boys and 80 girls the school has 6 trained<br />
teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating arrangements.
There is Shungu High School which was established in 1953 privately owned.<br />
It offers subjects up to ‘A’ level and has an enrolment of 413 boys and 74 girls.<br />
All the 20 teachers are trained. There is no hot seating at the school. It is a<br />
boarding school<br />
12.2 Business Centres<br />
The Ward has 13 business centres, which are Grassland ‘A’, Grasslands ‘B’,<br />
Born Accord, Inklenook, Newlands, Melrose Nettlethorn, Cheapside, Ellsmere,<br />
Riverlea, Moyo ranch Mlezu and Amatava. There is notable infrastructure at the<br />
business centre. There are no police stations, no banks and no post offices at<br />
these centres.<br />
12.3 Health Facilities<br />
The ward has no health facilities in the ward.<br />
12.4 Dams<br />
There are 11 dams in the ward which are:<br />
• Upsala One Dam was built in 1988 and is privately owned. It has a water<br />
capacity of 300 000 m 3. It is used for farming purposes.<br />
• Upsala Dam was built in 1989. It supplies small scale irrigation farmers. It<br />
is privately owned.<br />
• Sunnymeade Dam was built in 1983 and is used for farming purposes. It<br />
is owned by the government.<br />
• Lammes Dam was built in 1987 and is used for farming purposes. It is<br />
owned by the government.<br />
• Bridgewater Dam was built in 1981. It is privately owned and is used for<br />
farming purposes.<br />
• Elsworth Holdings Dam was built in 1982 and is used for irrigation<br />
schemes. It is used for irrigation schemes. It is privately owned.<br />
• Mupinda Dam built in 1986 is privately owned and is used for irrigation<br />
schemes<br />
• Humewood Dam built in 1987 is owned by the government and is used for<br />
farming purposes.<br />
• Congella Dam was built in 1977 and is owned by government. It is used<br />
for farming purposes.<br />
• Amatava Dam was built in 1984. It is owned by the government and is<br />
used for farming purposes.<br />
• Grasslands ‘3’ Dam was built in 1986. It is owned by the government and<br />
is used for farming purposes.<br />
12.5 Animal Health and Management Facilities
There are 98 dip tanks, 91 cattle sales pen, 53 cattle dip/spraying points, 19<br />
grazing schemes and 1 animal health and management centres. 33 cattle sales<br />
pen are owned by the rural district council, 2 by government and 56 are privately<br />
owned. Under cattle dip/spraying points, 44 are privately owned, 33 are owned<br />
by the rural district council and 1 is owned by the government. 64 dip tanks are<br />
privately owned, 32 are owned by the rural district councils and 2 are owned by<br />
the government. 11 grazing schemes are privately owned, 7 by the rural district<br />
councils and 1 by the government. The animal health and management centre is<br />
owned by the government.<br />
12.6 NGO's<br />
There are no NGOs operating in the area.<br />
13: Ward 19 (Kubatana)<br />
The ward falls under the area of Chief Ruya. The Ward has 4 crèches, 2 primary<br />
schools, 1 secondary schools and 1 clinic.<br />
13.1 Education<br />
Ruya Primary School is in this Ward. This is a council owned day school which<br />
was established in 1970. It has an enrolment of 302 boys and 298 girls. There<br />
are 29 trained teachers and 1 who is not trained. It has no hot seating sessions<br />
and is a day school.<br />
Seange Primary School was established in 1980. It has an enrolment of 305<br />
boys and 297 girls. It has 22 trained teachers and one untrained teacher. It is<br />
owned by council and has no hot seating sessions. It is a day school.<br />
<strong>Silobela</strong> Secondary School is in this Ward. This is owned by government and is<br />
a day school which was established in 1982. It has an enrolment of 362 boys<br />
and 359 girls. There are 27 trained teachers. It is a day school and has no hot<br />
seating sessions.<br />
13.2 Business Centres<br />
There are 3 business centres in is the ward which are Chiguhune, Ruya and<br />
Python. There is no police post, banks, clinics or police office.<br />
13.3 Health Facilities<br />
There is Exchange Clinic, which is owned by council and was established in<br />
1979. It has 2 nurses’ and 1 maternity bed and 4 general beds. It is electrified.<br />
13.4 NGO's
Plan and Concern NGOs operate in this ward. It deals with issues related to<br />
poverty alleviation, resource conservation education, food aid and sanitation.<br />
13.5 Dams<br />
There is 1 dam in the ward:<br />
• Exchange Dam was built in 1974 and is privately owned. It is used for<br />
purposes of irrigation.<br />
13.6 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are 3 dip tanks, 3 cattle dip/spraying points, 1 cattle sales pen, 1 animal<br />
health and management centres and no grazing schemes.<br />
14: Ward 24 (Kushinga)<br />
The ward falls under Chief Malisa who is assisted by Headman Msokeli. There<br />
are 2 primary schools, 4 crèches, 1 secondary school, no high school and 1 clinic<br />
in the ward.<br />
14.1 Education<br />
Mpinda Primary School was established in 1965 and is owned by government.<br />
It is a day school and has 11 trained teachers and 1 untrained teacher. It has an<br />
enrolment of 212 boys and 213 girls. There is no hot seating at the school.<br />
Umelusi Primary School also in the Ward was established in 1965 and is also<br />
owned by the government. It has 17 trained teachers. It has an enrolment of 311<br />
boys and 315 girls. It is a day school and has no hot seating.<br />
Umelusi Secondary School was established in 1983 and is owned by<br />
government. It is a day school and has 14 trained and 2 untrained teachers. It<br />
has an enrolment of 216 boys and 221 girls. There is no hot seating at the<br />
school.<br />
14.3 Dams<br />
There are 2 dams in the ward which are Msilahobe (1964) and Makobozhori<br />
(1972). They are both owned by government. The water is mainly used for<br />
gardening, irrigation and livestock consumption.<br />
14.4 Business Centres
There are 4 business centres, which are Mpinda, Makobozhori, Broadway and<br />
Kushinga. There is one clinic at Mpinda centre. There are no police posts,<br />
banks or post office.<br />
14. 5 Health Facilities<br />
There is Mpinda Clinic which is owned by council was built in 1995. There is no<br />
resident doctor or nurses. There are no beds. There is no electricity and<br />
telephone service. The clinic is not yet functioning and is due to be opened in<br />
January 2004.<br />
14.6 NGO's<br />
There 2 NGOs in the area, which are Concern and CARE International whose<br />
field of operation is in poverty alleviation.<br />
14.7 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There is 1 dip tank, 1 cattle dip/spraying points, no cattle sales pen, no animal<br />
health and management centres and 1 grazing schemes. They are all owned by<br />
the government.<br />
15 Ward 22 (Makaba)<br />
The ward falls under Chief Malisa and he assisted by Headman Makaba. There<br />
are 2 primary schools, 9 crèches, 2 secondary schools, I high school, no clinic<br />
and one growth point in the ward. The ward is situated in the communal areas<br />
15.1 Education<br />
Loreto Primary School was established in 1945. It has an enrolment of 377 boys<br />
and 372 girls with a staff complement of 21 trained teachers. It is privately owned<br />
and is a day school. There is no hot seating at the school.<br />
Wozoli Primary School was built in 1947 and is owned by government. It has<br />
28 trained teachers. It has an enrolment of 391 boys and 409 girls. It is a day<br />
school and has no hot seating.<br />
Loreto High School is privately owned. It is both a day and boarding school.<br />
Wozoli Secondary has been proposed to begin operating. It was built in 1998. It<br />
is a day school<br />
15.2 Health Facilities
<strong>Silobela</strong> District Hospital has 1 resident doctor and 30 nurses. It also has a<br />
pharmacy. It is a government hospital, with 34 maternity beds and 52 general<br />
beds. There is a mortuary and 3 ambulances. It has electricity and telephone<br />
services.<br />
There is a proposed Wozoli Clinic which will be constructed by the government.<br />
There is a surgery at Mahari Growth point.<br />
15.3 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are 5 animal health and management centres and 2 dip tanks. These are<br />
owned by the government.<br />
15.4 Business Centres<br />
There are 3 business centres, which are Mahari, Do Me Good Stores and Wozoli<br />
Stores. There is a police post, no banks, one hospital and 1 post office.<br />
15.5 NGO’s<br />
There are 3 NGOs operating in the ward which are, CARE International, Concern<br />
and Plan International. They assist in education, sanitation and health issues.<br />
16 Ward 27 (Hlanganisa)<br />
The ward falls under Chief Malisa and he assisted by Headman Lukuluba. The<br />
ward covers both communal and resettlement areas. There are 4 primary<br />
schools, no crèches, 1 secondary school and 1 clinic in the ward.<br />
16.2 Education<br />
There is Kanda Primary School in the Ward, which was established in 1954. It<br />
has an enrolment of 230 boys and 190 girls with a staff complement of 12 trained<br />
teachers. It is owned by government and is a day school. There is no hot seating<br />
at the school.<br />
Fatima Primary School was established in 1947 and is owned by government. It<br />
has 18 untrained teachers. It has an enrolment of 409 boys and 430 girls. It is a<br />
day school and has no hot seating.<br />
St Peters-Bambanani Primary School was established in 1958 and is owned<br />
by government. It has 7 trained teachers. It has an enrolment of 197 boys and<br />
120 girls. It is a day school and has no hot seating.
Sibangani Primary School was built in 1951 and is owned by government. It<br />
has 8 trained teachers. It has an enrolment of 180 boys and 211 girls. It is a day<br />
school and has no hot seating arrangements<br />
Ednovean Primary School is a proposed school in the resettlement areas.<br />
Fatima Secondary School was established in 1981. It has an enrolment of 180<br />
boys and 150 girls. It offers subjects up to “A” Level. It has a staff compliment of<br />
12 trained teachers. It is a day school and does not have hot seating<br />
arrangements.<br />
Sibangani School is a proposed secondary school.<br />
16.2 Health Facilities<br />
There is Malisa Josefa Clinic in the ward. It is being renovated and no<br />
information could be gathered as it was not functioning.<br />
16.3 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There is 1 cattle sales pen and 3 dip tanks which are owned by the government.<br />
However, there are spraying points, grazing schemes or animal health and<br />
management centres.<br />
Problems under this sector<br />
‣ Shortage of chemical for dips has reduced dipping weeks<br />
‣ Most of the cattle depend on boreholes for water.<br />
16.4 Dams<br />
There is 1 dam and 5 and proposed dams. Ben Dam (1960) is used for<br />
communal purposes. The other 5 proposed dams include; Maphane, Manqindi,<br />
Khandalendoda, Notton and Vungu-Sombongolo. Most areas depend on<br />
borehole water for animal and domestic consumption.<br />
16.5 Business Centres<br />
There are 5 business centres, which are B/B, Black and White, Mahlangu,<br />
Mahlatini, and Vukuenzele is a proposed complex. There is a general lack of<br />
infrastructure at the centres. There is no police post, post office or banks.<br />
16.6 NGO’s
There Christian Care <strong>Zimbabwe</strong>, Plan International and ORAP operating in the<br />
ward. It deals with issues pertaining to poverty alleviation, sanitation, education,<br />
gender and human rights and health.<br />
17. Ward 23 [Jackson (Totonga)]<br />
The ward falls under Chief Malisa and he assisted by Headman Makhaba. There<br />
are 3 primary schools, 3 crèches, 1 secondary school and 1 clinic in the ward.<br />
This is located in small scale farming areas.<br />
17.1 Education<br />
There is St Mark’s Lozane Primary School in the Ward, which was established<br />
in 1910. It has a staff complement of 10 trained teachers. It is owned by council<br />
and is a day school. There is no hot seating at the school.<br />
St Joseph’s Primary School was established in 1948 and is owned by council.<br />
It has 12 trained teachers. It has an enrolment of 263 boys and 219 girls. It is a<br />
day school and has no hot seating.<br />
Totololo Primary School is owned by council. It has 4 trained teachers and 1<br />
who are not trained. It is a day school and has no hot seating.<br />
Zimemle Secondary School was established in 1984 and is owned by council.<br />
It has 14 trained teachers and 1 who are not trained. It has an enrolment of 222<br />
boys and 198 girls. It is a day school and offers subjects up to “O” Level. There<br />
is no hot seating at the school<br />
17.2 Health Facilities<br />
There is 1 one clinic in the ward called Jackson. Jackson Clinic was established<br />
in 1961 and is owned by council. It is serviced by 1 nurse, and there is no<br />
resident doctor. There are 9 maternity beds and 9 general beds. The clinic uses<br />
solar power and there are telephone services.<br />
17.3 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are 2 dip tanks, 96 grazing schemes, 1 cattle sales pen and there are no<br />
spraying points or animal health and management centres. The cattle sales pen<br />
and the dip tanks are owned by the rural district council. The grazing schemes<br />
are under private ownership. There are 96 small scale farms and each farmer<br />
owns his/her grazing scheme.<br />
17.4 Dams
There are 4 dams in the ward which are Totololo (1955), Mangwindi (1958),<br />
Maphathikhiye (1960) and Farm 41 (1982). The first three are owned by Council<br />
and Farm 41 dam is under private ownership. The dams are mainly used for<br />
farming.<br />
17.5 Business Centres<br />
There is 1 business centre called Jackson. There is a general lack of<br />
infrastructure at the centre except for one clinic.<br />
17.6 NGO’s<br />
There is CARE International and Plan International operating in the ward. They<br />
deal with issues relating education.<br />
18. Ward 28 (Inhlangano)<br />
The ward falls under Chief Malisa and he is assisted by Headman Sikhunyana. It<br />
is in the communal areas. There are 5 primary schools, no crèches, 1 secondary<br />
school, and 1 clinic in the ward.<br />
18.1 Education<br />
There is Siyezi Primary School in the Ward, which was established in 1955. It<br />
has an enrolment of 171 boys and 150 girls with a staff complement of 8 trained<br />
teachers. It is owned by council and is a day school. There is no hot seating at<br />
the school.<br />
Malisa Holy Trinity Primary School was established in 1950 and is owned by<br />
council. It has a total enrolment of 610 students. It has 15 trained teachers and 1<br />
untrained teacher. It is a day school and has no hot seating.<br />
Gandi Primary School was established in 1950 and is owned by council. It has<br />
7 trained teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating. It has a total<br />
enrolment of 206 students.<br />
There is Makoronga Primary School in the Ward, which was established in<br />
2001. It has an enrolment of 116 boys and 108 girls with a staff complement of 5<br />
trained teachers. It is owned by council and is a day school. There is no hot<br />
seating at the school.<br />
Nyakwathi Primary School was established in 1954. It has an enrolment of 171<br />
boys and 175 girls with a staff complement of 9 trained teachers. It is owned by<br />
council and is a day school. There is no hot seating at the school.
Malisa Holy Trinity Secondary School was established in 1984 and is owned<br />
by council. It has 8 trained teachers and 5 who are not trained. It has a total<br />
enrolment of 286 pupils. It is a day school and offers subjects up to “O” Level.<br />
There is no hot seating at the school.<br />
18.2 Health Facilities<br />
There is one clinic in the ward called Mazebe Rural. There is no resident doctor<br />
and it is manned by 2 nurses. It is owned by government, has 2 maternity beds<br />
and 6 general beds.<br />
18.3 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are 3 dip tanks, which are owned by the government. There are however<br />
no cattle sales pens, spraying points, grazing schemes and animal health and<br />
management centre.<br />
18.4 Dams<br />
There is 1 dam in the ward which is Malisa (1957), owned by government and<br />
provides water to the town.<br />
18.5 Business Centres<br />
There are shopping centres, which are Malisa, Siyezi and Nyakwathi. There is a<br />
general lack of infrastructure at the centres except for a police post and a clinic.<br />
18.6 NGO’s<br />
There is CARE International and Concern operating in the ward. They deal with<br />
issues relating to health, sanitation, education, gender and human rights and<br />
poverty alleviation.<br />
19. Ward 20 (Sebenzani)<br />
The ward falls under Chief Malisa and he is assisted by Headman Simana. It is<br />
in the communal lands. There are 4 primary schools, no crèches, no secondary<br />
schools and 2 clinics in the ward.<br />
19.1 Education<br />
There is Mbombela St Michael’s Primary School in the Ward, which was<br />
established in 1958. It has an enrolment of 185 boys and 174 girls with a staff<br />
complement of 10 trained teachers. It is privately owned and is a day school.<br />
There is no hot seating at the school.
Simana Primary School was established in 1982 and is privately owned. It has<br />
12 trained teachers. It has an enrolment of 238 boys and 219 girls. It is a day<br />
school and has no hot seating.<br />
Leopardess St James Primary School was established in 1952 and is under<br />
private ownership. It has 8 trained teachers. It has an enrolment of 132 boys and<br />
127 girls. It is a day school and has no hot seating.<br />
Khanye Primary School was established in 1941 and is under private<br />
ownership. It has 11 trained teachers. It is a day school and has no hot seating.<br />
There is no secondary school in the ward.<br />
19.2 Health Facilities<br />
There is Simana Clinic was established in 1992 and is owned by Government.<br />
It is serviced by 1 nurse, but there is no resident doctor. There are 4 general<br />
beds and 10 reserved for maternity. There is no electricity and telephone<br />
services at the hospital.<br />
Jena Mines Clinic was established in 1983 and is privately owned. It is serviced<br />
by 2 nurses, but there is no resident doctor. There are 4 maternity beds and an<br />
ambulance. There is n electricity and telephone services at the hospital.<br />
19.3 Animal Health and Management Facilities<br />
There are 3 dip tanks, which are owned by the rural district Council. However,<br />
there are no cattle sales pens, spraying points, grazing schemes and animal<br />
health and management centres.<br />
19.4 Dams<br />
There are 2 dams in the ward which are Mbombela (1960) and Simana (1954).<br />
They are owned by the government. The water is used mainly for human<br />
consumption.<br />
19.5 Business Centres<br />
There are 4 shopping centres, which are Mbombela, Simana, Malagani and<br />
Python. The centre includes a police post and 2 clinics.<br />
19.6 NGO’s<br />
There is Plan International, Concern, Care International and ADBA. There are<br />
involved in issues relating to poverty alleviation, health, sanitation, education,<br />
resource conservation, and poverty alleviation.
20: The Findings and Recommendations of the Survey<br />
There is need for: -<br />
• The establishment of more crèches in virtually all the Wards in order to<br />
serve the public adequately;<br />
• The establishment of more recreational facilities for the public. There are<br />
especially very few recreational facilities for the young.<br />
• The surveys established that most of the schools were built before<br />
independence and are mostly in a state of disrepair.<br />
• There is need for more dip tanks in the newly resettled areas.<br />
• There is also need for animal health and management centres in the same<br />
areas.<br />
Appendix<br />
Diagram 1 below indicates the location of schools, the grade/status of each<br />
school, enrolment by sex, number of teachers at each school, ownership, year<br />
established and hot seating. This information is by Ward.<br />
Diagram 1<br />
Ward Name of School Level/Status Year Boys Girls Ownership Hot Teachers<br />
Inhlangano<br />
(29)<br />
Siyezi<br />
Malisa<br />
Holy Trinity<br />
Gandi<br />
Makoronga<br />
Nyakwathi<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Built<br />
1955<br />
1950<br />
1961<br />
2001<br />
1954<br />
171<br />
-<br />
-<br />
116<br />
171<br />
150<br />
-<br />
-<br />
108<br />
175<br />
Council<br />
Council<br />
Council<br />
Council<br />
Council<br />
seating<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
8<br />
16<br />
7<br />
5<br />
9<br />
Malisa<br />
Holy Trinity<br />
Secondary<br />
1984<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Council<br />
No<br />
13<br />
Sebenzani<br />
(20)<br />
Mbombela<br />
Michaels<br />
Simana<br />
Leopardess<br />
James<br />
Kanye<br />
St<br />
St<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
1958<br />
1982<br />
1952<br />
1941<br />
181<br />
238<br />
132<br />
-<br />
174<br />
219<br />
127<br />
-<br />
Pvt<br />
Pvt<br />
Pvt<br />
Pvt<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
10<br />
12<br />
8<br />
11<br />
Kushinga<br />
(24)<br />
Mupinda<br />
Umelusi<br />
Umelusi<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Secondary<br />
1965<br />
1965<br />
1983<br />
212<br />
311<br />
216<br />
213<br />
315<br />
221<br />
Govt<br />
Govt<br />
Govt<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
12<br />
17<br />
16<br />
Makaba Loreto Primary 1945 377 372 Pvt No 21
(22) Wozoli<br />
Primary<br />
1947<br />
391<br />
409<br />
Govt<br />
No<br />
28<br />
Loreto<br />
Wozoli<br />
Secondary<br />
Secondary<br />
-<br />
prop<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Pvt<br />
-<br />
-<br />
Kubatana<br />
(19)<br />
Ruya<br />
Seange<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
1970<br />
1980<br />
302<br />
305<br />
298<br />
297<br />
Council<br />
Council<br />
No<br />
No<br />
30<br />
23<br />
<strong>Silobela</strong><br />
Secondary<br />
1982<br />
362<br />
359<br />
Govt<br />
No<br />
27<br />
Jackson<br />
(Totonga)<br />
(23)<br />
St Mark’s<br />
Lozane<br />
St Joseph’s<br />
Totolo<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
1910<br />
1948<br />
-<br />
-<br />
263<br />
-<br />
-<br />
219<br />
-<br />
Council<br />
Council<br />
Council<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
10<br />
12<br />
5<br />
Zimele<br />
Secondary<br />
1984<br />
222<br />
198<br />
Council<br />
No<br />
15<br />
Hlanganisa<br />
(27)<br />
Kanda<br />
Fatima<br />
St<br />
Bambanani<br />
Sibangani<br />
Ednovean<br />
Peters<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
1954<br />
1947<br />
1958<br />
1951<br />
prop<br />
230<br />
409<br />
197<br />
180<br />
190<br />
430<br />
120<br />
211<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
12<br />
18<br />
7<br />
8<br />
Fatima<br />
Sibangani<br />
Secondary<br />
Secondary<br />
1981<br />
prop<br />
180<br />
150 -<br />
No<br />
12<br />
Resettled<br />
Farms (3)<br />
Bembezani<br />
Toredashango<br />
Melrose<br />
Newlands<br />
Lyons<br />
Beleville<br />
Mpumelelo<br />
Riverlea<br />
Born Accord<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
1950<br />
1982<br />
2003<br />
1982<br />
2002<br />
1984<br />
2002<br />
1981<br />
2003<br />
26<br />
52<br />
80<br />
54<br />
80<br />
100<br />
104<br />
164<br />
64<br />
17<br />
67<br />
76<br />
40<br />
87<br />
104<br />
70<br />
154<br />
80<br />
Pvt<br />
Pvt<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
No<br />
3<br />
4<br />
6<br />
3<br />
4<br />
6<br />
7<br />
11<br />
6<br />
Shungu<br />
High<br />
1953<br />
413<br />
74<br />
Pvt<br />
No<br />
20<br />
1 Torwood Primary 1965 320 304 Pvt No 21<br />
2 George Hill<br />
Primary<br />
1978<br />
397<br />
440<br />
-<br />
No<br />
23<br />
Red Cliff<br />
High<br />
1966<br />
485<br />
392<br />
Pvt<br />
No<br />
47<br />
3<br />
- - - - - - - -
4 Richard John<br />
Davies<br />
Primary<br />
1977<br />
529<br />
505<br />
Pvt<br />
No<br />
28<br />
Batanai<br />
Secondary<br />
1985<br />
509<br />
517<br />
Pvt<br />
No<br />
41<br />
5 Rutendo<br />
Mafidhi<br />
Mnangagwa<br />
Primary<br />
Primary<br />
1975<br />
1995<br />
659<br />
390<br />
641<br />
370<br />
Govt<br />
Pvt<br />
Yes<br />
Yes<br />
33<br />
19<br />
6<br />
Matts<br />
College<br />
Rutendo<br />
Secondary<br />
Secondary<br />
2002<br />
1983<br />
14<br />
382<br />
13<br />
389<br />
Pvt<br />
Govt<br />
-<br />
Yes<br />
7 Red Cliff Primary 1950 581 546 Govt No 31<br />
8 - - - - - - - -<br />
9 - - - - - - - -<br />
5<br />
29<br />
Diagram 2 - Schools by Period Built: Before or After Independence<br />
Primary Secondary College<br />
Total<br />
36 12 0<br />
schools/Colleges<br />
Schools/Colleges 24 3 0<br />
built before<br />
independence<br />
Schools/Colleges 12 9 0<br />
built<br />
after<br />
independence<br />
Diagram 3 - Schools by Ownership<br />
Primary Secondary College<br />
Government 16 4 0<br />
Council 11 2 0<br />
Mission 0 1 0<br />
Private 10 5 0
Diagram 4 below shows Ward Councillors and infrastructure such as business<br />
centres, health facilities, Transport and Communications, Energy, NGOs,<br />
Churches and Industries found in the wards.<br />
Diagram 4<br />
Wards<br />
Rural Component<br />
Councillor<br />
Gende<br />
r<br />
Busine<br />
ss<br />
Centre<br />
s<br />
Health Facilities<br />
1 G. Nzveda M 2 0 1<br />
2 J. Gandani M 0 0 0<br />
3 Mashizha M 1 0 0<br />
4 Pikayi M 1 1 clinic 1<br />
5 J. Nyongo M 2 0 1<br />
6 Mberi F 9 2 Clinics 1<br />
7 L. Mlambo M 0 1 clinic 2<br />
8 N.kakungwa M 1 1 Clinic 0<br />
9 D. Nyoni M 0 0 clinic 3<br />
Rural Component<br />
3 Rettlement areas T. Shindi M 13 0 clinic 4<br />
19 Kubatana Maratera F 3 1 clinic 0<br />
20 Sebenzani N. Ncube M 4 2 clinic 1<br />
23 Totonga I. Nhloko F 1 1 clinic 3<br />
22 Makaba H. Dube M 3 1 clinic 9<br />
24 Kushinga E. Ndebele M 4 1 clinic 4<br />
27 Hlanganisa G. Nkomo M 5 1 clinic 0<br />
28 Inhlangano J. Mpofu M 3 1 clinic 0<br />
Crèch<br />
es