Prace komisji nauk.pdf - Instytut Filologii Angielskiej Uniwersytetu ...

language. They preserve some words, syntactic constructions and subtle ways of
pronunciation, the so-called accent, of the original language O when speaking
the new language N. A new variety of the new language N comes into being,
language N spoken with an O substrate. The elements that are transferred from
language O into language N, are mostly elements of which the speakers are not
clearly aware, so-called stable elements. They are called stable because it is
difficult to get rid of them while learning a new language. Borrowing, mostly of
words, is a matter of more consciousness. These elements are called instable.
(About the role of stability cf. e.g. Van Bree 1992.)
Thus, the Dutch of people coming from Surinam, an old colony in the
Caribbean region, can be identified on the basis of certain features originating
from Sranan Tongo, Surinam English: a bilabial w in e.g. water “water” instead
of the labiodental of northern Standard Dutch; the use of schamen “to be
ashamed” without the reflexive pronoun as it is used in Standard Dutch: zich
schamen (for example Surinam Dutch hij moet schamen, Standard Dutch hij
moet zich schamen “he should be ashamed”); gaan “to go” instead of zullen
“auxiliary of the future tense” in e.g. ik ga naar Holland gaan instead of ik zal
naar Holland gaan literally “I go/shall go to Holland”, and so on. Surinam
Dutch is an example of a new, an ethnic variety of Dutch, Dutch spoken with a
Sranan Tongo-substrate. Compare also the English spoken by various peoples
all over the world, English with features from their indigenous languages.
Second language learning can lead to drastic changes in the acquired
language and can even lead to the rise of new languages, so-called pidgins. In
the well known situation of slaves working on a plantation a so-called pidgin
came into being for the communication between them and their masters. A
pidgin is a very simple language, whose only purpose is to make communication
in the working environment possible. Its vocabulary is mostly from the
dominant language, the language of the masters; its syntax may be from the
original language of the slaves; and morphology is absent. But out of this
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