Prace komisji nauk.pdf - Instytut Filologii Angielskiej Uniwersytetu ...
Prace komisji nauk.pdf - Instytut Filologii Angielskiej Uniwersytetu ... Prace komisji nauk.pdf - Instytut Filologii Angielskiej Uniwersytetu ...
former include e.g. rhythm or metre, the latter bear the “literary quality” of the text and involve such linguistic devises as sound effects, style, rhetoric and figurative language, etc. However, as Bristiger (1986: 191) claims, poetry which is not meant for singing and poetry set to music may be considered as two different cases which cannot be compared: A poetic text is a changed form of everyday speech. But the words that are set to music undergo similar alternation once more, since music also changes the poetic text. Therefore, prose becomes poetry when set to music, and lyric poetry becomes some kind of lyric verse raised to the second power, musical poetry which, in any case, is not a copy of the lyric poetry (my translation). Music strengthens the poetic mood of lyrics and, when perceived from this perspective, it helps a translator to convey it to the target text. But music also (or perhaps above of all) puts the “collar of limitations” on the process of translation which cannot be ignored. To better understand this and the translator’s task of devising the lyrics to preexisting music, the way the original text is written should first be thoroughly looked at. In the significant majority of cases, in so-called popular music, by contrast with some classical music works or musical adaptations of literary works, the music is composed first. Only after the musical structure has been created does the songwriter compose the melody and put the words to the music. In this respect, the translator’s task is similar to the songwriter’s: they should devise a singable text which fits the musical frame, with the difference that the melody already exists and the text which is going to be written has its model in the source language. This means that from the very beginning, the text, the original lyrics or the translation, is subservient to music. 222
This relation appears to be of a major importance in the process of translating lyrics. To devise a singable text a translator is obliged to follow strict rules. First of all, they should stick to the principle of declamation (Kalábová 2006: 23, Kołakowski 2007, Talarczyk 2007). Only if there is a certain degree of an accentual congruence between the target text and the music can the text be sung. Secondly, song lyrics are characterized by the instantaneity of reception and thus the text should be immediately comprehensible (Kalábová 2006: 25) (see also below). This implies using natural syntax and avoiding any words which could be misunderstood by the audience. Moreover, the appropriate distribution of vowels and consonants is also desired (Zagórski 1975, Zazula 1999). In the case of song translation, sensible handling of the sound layer is not as important as in the instance of vocal translation (see also below) but such requirements as the avoidance of consonant clusters or the use of open vowels preferable to singers (e.g. /a/) should be taken into account. Finally, the music also influences the rhyme pattern, since it can strengthen or weaken the effect of rhyme by altering the distance in time between the rhyming elements (Talarczyk 2007). Therefore, translators should carefully examine the impact the rhyming elements exert on the text and decide how they should be rendered. With the musical constraints in mind, translating songs can be perceived from a different perspective. Since the music both enhances the poetic mood of song lyrics as well as considerably hinders the process of the translation, translating songs can be treated as a unique phenomenon and therefore the strategies for translating seemingly similar literary works, e.g. poetry, may not all apply to song translation. Furthermore, translating poetry and translating song lyrics can be presented as two opposed processes. The rendition of all the aspects of the original poem is impossible. The main difficulty and a translator’s duty is to strive to lose as few aspects of the source text as it is possible. As regards translating song lyrics, a strict 223
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This relation appears to be of a major importance in the process of translating<br />
lyrics. To devise a singable text a translator is obliged to follow strict rules. First of<br />
all, they should stick to the principle of declamation (Kalábová 2006: 23,<br />
Kołakowski 2007, Talarczyk 2007). Only if there is a certain degree of an accentual<br />
congruence between the target text and the music can the text be sung. Secondly,<br />
song lyrics are characterized by the instantaneity of reception and thus the text<br />
should be immediately comprehensible (Kalábová 2006: 25) (see also below). This<br />
implies using natural syntax and avoiding any words which could be misunderstood<br />
by the audience. Moreover, the appropriate distribution of vowels and consonants is<br />
also desired (Zagórski 1975, Zazula 1999). In the case of song translation, sensible<br />
handling of the sound layer is not as important as in the instance of vocal<br />
translation (see also below) but such requirements as the avoidance of consonant<br />
clusters or the use of open vowels preferable to singers (e.g. /a/) should be taken<br />
into account. Finally, the music also influences the rhyme pattern, since it can<br />
strengthen or weaken the effect of rhyme by altering the distance in time between<br />
the rhyming elements (Talarczyk 2007). Therefore, translators should carefully<br />
examine the impact the rhyming elements exert on the text and decide how they<br />
should be rendered.<br />
With the musical constraints in mind, translating songs can be perceived from a<br />
different perspective. Since the music both enhances the poetic mood of song lyrics<br />
as well as considerably hinders the process of the translation, translating songs can<br />
be treated as a unique phenomenon and therefore the strategies for translating<br />
seemingly similar literary works, e.g. poetry, may not all apply to song translation.<br />
Furthermore, translating poetry and translating song lyrics can be presented as two<br />
opposed processes. The rendition of all the aspects of the original poem is<br />
impossible. The main difficulty and a translator’s duty is to strive to lose as few<br />
aspects of the source text as it is possible. As regards translating song lyrics, a strict<br />
223
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