Beijing Olympics 2008: Winning Press Freedom - World Press ...

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Beijing Olympics 2008: Winning Press Freedom 116 17 1 Chinese Eye Tracking Study: Baidu vs. Google, http://www.searchengineland.com 18 1 China's Internet economy grows faster than Western countries; People’s Daily Online, Feb. 17, 2007, in: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200702/16/eng20070216_350659.html 19 1 See Pacific Telecommunication Conference (PTC), Honolulu, January 2007, in: http://www.ptc07.org/program/prog_schedule.html 20 1 Kai LI Kan, An Analysis of Various Models for Wireless Cities, in: Wolfgang Kleinwächter (ed,), The Power of Ideas: Internet Governance in a Global Multistakeholder Environment, Berlin 2007, p. 130 ff. 21 1 See Access to Knowledge Conference, New Haven Yale Information Society Project, April 27-29, 2007, in:http://research.yale.edu/isp/eventsa2k2.html 22 1 21st CNNIC Report, p. 42 ff. ibid 23 1 Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (1982), Art. 35, in: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html 24 1 Art. 40, ibid. 25 1 Art. 41, ibid. 26 1 In a speech, Jan. 17, 2008, Yan Xlaohong, Vice Minister of the General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP) recalled: [Communist Party] “Secretary General Hu Jinmo pointed out whether we can cope with the Internet is a matter that affects the development of socialist culture, the security of information, and the stability of the state. To protect intellectual property rights by combatting Internet piracy is an important measure to strengthen the administration of Internet culture and a guarantee for its healthy development. Copyright administrative departments will, just as usual, cooperate with public security departments and communication administrative departments to crack down on Internet piracy resolutely and severely, so as to make active contributions to maintaining the order of Internet communication, developing harmonious Internet culture and promoting the advancement of Internet Industry." http://www.china.org.cn/e-news/news080117-1.htm 27 1 see Freedom of Expression and the Internet in China: A Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck-0701.htm 28 1 see Wikipedia, Internet Censorship in the People's Republic of China, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China 29 1 Internet cafes and other service providers also give users special guidelines for "behavior in good faith." www.sohu.com informs their customers: "Please take note that the following issues are prohibited according to Chinese law: 1. Criticism of the PRC Constitution; 2. Revealing State secrets and discussion about overthrowing the Communist government; 3. Topics that damage the reputation of the State; 4. Discussions that ignite ethnic animosity, discrimination or regional separatism; 5, Discussion that undermines the State's religious policy, as well as promotes evil cults and superstition; 6. Spreading rumors, perpetrating and disseminating false news that promotes disorder and social instability; 7. Dissemination of obscenity, sex, gambling, violence, and terror. Cyber-sex is not permitted within the English chat-room; 8. Humiliating or slandering innocent people: 9. Any discussion and promotion of content which PRC laws prohibit. If you are a Chinese national and willingly choose to break these laws, Sohu.com is legally obliged to report you to the Public Security Bureau. Thank you for your cooperation." http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/chinabck-0701.htm 30 1 A detailed study was done by Benjamin Edelman of the Berkman Center, Internet Filtering in China in 2004- 2005: A Country Study. The study concludes that "China's Internet filtering regime is the most sophisticated effort of its kind in the world. Compared to similar efforts in other states, China's filtering regime is pervasive, sophisticated, and effective. It comprises multiple levels of legal regulation and technical control. It involves numerous state agencies and thousands of public and private personnel. It censors content transmitted through multiple methods, Including web pages, web logs, online discussion forums, university bulletin board systems, and e-mail messages. Our testing found efforts to prevent access to a wide range of sensitive materials, from pornography to religious material to political dissent. In: http://www.opennetinitiative.net/studies/china/ 31 1 China's 'Eye on the Internet' a Fraud, http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/chinas-eye-internetfraud-14190.html 32 1 Clive Thompson, Google's China Problem (or China's Google Problem), in: New York Times, April 23, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/magazine/23google.html?pagewanted=all 33 1 see Freedom of the Press Worldwide in 2006, Annual Report of Reporters Without Borders, p.80 ff, in: http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_en_bd-4.pdf 34 1 Declan McCullagh, Congressman quizzes Net companies on shame, CNET News, Feb. 15, 2006, in: http://www.news.com/Congressman-quizzes-Net-companies-on-shame/2100-1028_3- 6040250.html 35 1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Dec. 12, 1948, http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html
Beijing Olympics 2008: Winning Press Freedom 117 36 1 IAMCR Annual Meeting, Paris 2007. Law Section, session III: Promoting Media Freedoms Worldwide: Case studies, July 24, 2007, http://www.iamcrparis2007.org/details.html?p=4&k=&type=0&date=&site=&theme=# 37 1 Clive Thompson, Google's China Problem (or China's Google Problem), in: New York Times, April 23, 2006, ibid 38 1 UN Working Group on Internet Governance, http://www.wgig.org/members.html 39 1 WSIS Tunis Agenda for the Information Society, Nov. 18, 2005, http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/tunis/off/8rev1.doc 40 1 Paragraph 63, ibid 41 1 Wolfgang Kleinwächter, Internet Governance and Governments: Enhanced Cooperation or Enhanced Confrontation? in: Communications Law, Journal of Computer, Media and Telecommunications Law, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2007, Tottel Publishing, London, pp. 111-118. See also: Wolfgang Kleinwächter: From Self-Governance to Public Private Partnership: The Changing Role of Governments in the Management of the Internet's Core Resources, in: Loyola Law Review of Los Angeles, Vol, 36, No.3, Spring 2003, http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue3/kleinwaechter.pdf Wolfgang Kleinwächter. The Silent Subversive: ICANN and the New Global Governance, in Info: The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunication. Vol. 3, No.4, Fall 2001. Wolfgang Kleinwächter: ICANN between Technical Mandate and Political Challenge, in: Telecommunication Policy, Vol. 24, London. Wolfgang Kleinwächter, The History of Internet Governance, in C. Möller & A. Amouroux (Eds.), Governing the Internet, Vienna, 41-90 (2007). 42 1 The Global Culture of Cybersecurity, workshop at the 2nd Internet Governance Forum, Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 13, 2007, http://www.intgovforum.org/ 43 1 The first ICANN workshop took place In November 2000, http://www.icann.org/announcements/icann - pr03nov00.htm 44 1 http://www.icann.org/announcements/icann-pr03nov00.htm 45 1 My Name, My Language, My Internet iDN Test Goes Live, Oct. 15, 2007; http://www.icann.org/announcements/announcement-15oct07.htm. See also the discussion draft of the initial report of the iDNC workinggroup (iDNC WG), Feb. 1, 2008, http://www.icann.org/announcements/announcement-01feb08.htm
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