Comparison of Organic and Conventional Cropping System from ...
Comparison of Organic and Conventional Cropping System from ...
Comparison of Organic and Conventional Cropping System from ...
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<strong>Comparison</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Organic</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Conventional</strong><br />
<strong>Cropping</strong> <strong>System</strong> <strong>from</strong> Climate Change<br />
Perspective<br />
Tek B. Sapkota 1 , Daniele Antichi 1 , Paola Belloni 2 , Paolo Barberi 1<br />
<strong>and</strong> Marco Mazzoncini 2<br />
1<br />
Sant Anna’ School <strong>of</strong> Advanced Studies, Pisa<br />
2<br />
Center <strong>of</strong> Agro-environmental Research, University <strong>of</strong> Pisa
Agriculture as victim <strong>of</strong> climate change<br />
Climate change has many consequences on agricultural production <strong>and</strong><br />
productivity<br />
Drought<br />
Flood<br />
Pests outbreak<br />
Sea level rise
Agriculture is also one <strong>of</strong> the causes <strong>of</strong> climate change
How can agriculture be made more climate friendly?<br />
Optimum Agricultural Practices<br />
Less GHG<br />
emission<br />
Carbon<br />
sequestration
Mediterranean Arable <strong>System</strong> <strong>Comparison</strong> Trail (MASCOT)<br />
Hypothesis<br />
<strong>Organic</strong> agriculture is superior to its conventional counterpart economically,<br />
agronomically <strong>and</strong> environmentally<br />
Objectives <strong>of</strong> this paper<br />
• To evaluate <strong>and</strong> compare emissions <strong>of</strong> greenhouse gases <strong>from</strong> organic<br />
<strong>and</strong> conventional cropping systems<br />
• To compare energy efficiency <strong>of</strong> two cropping systems<br />
• To analyse total carbon balance <strong>and</strong> carbon sequestration potential <strong>of</strong><br />
two cropping systems.<br />
Where?<br />
•Centre for Agri-environmental Research "E. Avanzi" (CIRAA), Pisa, Italy
DURUM WHEAT<br />
SUGAR BEET<br />
<strong>System</strong> description<br />
Parallel comparison <strong>of</strong> <strong>Organic</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Conventional</strong> Production system<br />
<strong>Organic</strong> <strong>Conventional</strong><br />
COMMON WHEAT<br />
PIGEON BEAN<br />
SUNFLOWER<br />
Vegetable strips <strong>and</strong> hedge row<br />
DURUM WHEAT<br />
SUGAR BEET<br />
COMMON WHEAT<br />
PIGEON BEAN<br />
SUNFLOWER<br />
Figure: Showing one replication <strong>of</strong> field layout
Aerial View <strong>of</strong> experimental site<br />
Ragnaino
Summary <strong>of</strong> Agronomic practices<br />
Cultural<br />
practice<br />
Sugar beet<br />
CS<br />
OS<br />
Common wheat<br />
CS<br />
OS<br />
Sunflower<br />
CS<br />
OS<br />
Pigeon bean<br />
CS<br />
OS<br />
Durum wheat<br />
CS<br />
OS<br />
Main tillage<br />
(depth cm)<br />
50<br />
25<br />
25<br />
25<br />
25<br />
25<br />
25<br />
50<br />
25<br />
Fertilisation<br />
Mineral<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
Mineral<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
Mineral<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
Mineral<br />
None<br />
Mineral<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
Fertilisation<br />
(kg ha -1 )<br />
162 N<br />
138 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
250 K 2<br />
O<br />
30 N<br />
30 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
30 K 2<br />
O<br />
156 N<br />
92 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
0 K 2<br />
O<br />
30 N<br />
30 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
30 K 2<br />
O<br />
128 N<br />
96 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
96 K 2<br />
O<br />
30 N<br />
30 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
30 K 2<br />
O<br />
0 N<br />
69 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
0 K 2<br />
O<br />
-<br />
156 N<br />
92 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
0 K 2<br />
O<br />
30 N<br />
30 P 2<br />
O 5<br />
30 K 2<br />
O<br />
Seed rate<br />
18<br />
seeds m -2<br />
18<br />
seeds m -2<br />
200<br />
kg ha -1<br />
200<br />
kg ha -1<br />
8<br />
seeds<br />
m -2<br />
8<br />
seeds<br />
m -2<br />
200<br />
kg ha -1<br />
200<br />
kg ha -1<br />
230<br />
kg ha -1<br />
230<br />
kg ha -1<br />
Weed<br />
control<br />
Pre-em +<br />
post-em<br />
-<br />
Post-em<br />
ST H<br />
Pre-em<br />
Hoeing<br />
None<br />
STH<br />
Post-em<br />
STH<br />
Residue<br />
managemen<br />
t<br />
Incorp.<br />
Incorp.<br />
Remove<br />
Incorp.<br />
Incorp.<br />
Incorp.<br />
Incorp.<br />
Incorp.<br />
Removed<br />
Incorp.
Results<br />
GHG emission<br />
CO2<br />
emission<br />
Fertilizer<br />
Pesticides<br />
Fossil fuel<br />
Total consumption <strong>of</strong> these resources ha -1 in each system was multiplied by the<br />
index <strong>of</strong> IPCC, American Petroleum Institute (for fossil fuel) <strong>and</strong> R lal, 2004 (for<br />
fertilizer <strong>and</strong> pesticides).
Emission…………<br />
Total GHGs emission<br />
(CO 2<br />
equivalent kg/ha)<br />
610<br />
kg/ha<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
1293<br />
kg/ha<br />
conventional
Emission…………<br />
GHGs emission <strong>from</strong> two production systems<br />
2500<br />
Greenhouse gas emission (CO 2<br />
kg ha -1 )<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
Sugarbeet<br />
Common<br />
w heat<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
Sunflow er Pigeon Bean Durum<br />
Crops<br />
Wheat<br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
<strong>System</strong><br />
Average
Emission…………<br />
GHGs emission <strong>from</strong> two production systems as influenced<br />
by different agricultural activities<br />
2500<br />
FERTILIZERS<br />
2000<br />
PESTICIDES<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
FUEL<br />
Greenhouse gas emission<br />
(Kg CO2 ha-1 )<br />
0<br />
SB ORG<br />
SB CONV<br />
CW ORG<br />
CW CONV<br />
SF ORG<br />
SF CONV<br />
PB ORG<br />
PB CONV<br />
DW ORG<br />
DW CONV<br />
SYS ORG<br />
SYS CONV<br />
Crops/Production system
Emission…………<br />
Contribution <strong>of</strong> different farm operations to total fuel consumption-based emission<br />
30<br />
Percentage<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
5<br />
0<br />
Tillage Weed control Fertilizer<br />
Farm Operations application<br />
Mechanical<br />
harvest<br />
Ditch making
Carbon yield<br />
1600<br />
1400<br />
Total Carbonic yield <strong>from</strong> two production systems<br />
Grain <strong>and</strong> residue yield<br />
Green manure yield<br />
Weed biomass<br />
Total C Yield (Kg /ha)<br />
1200<br />
1000<br />
800<br />
600<br />
400<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
200<br />
0<br />
Sugarbeet<br />
Common<br />
w heat<br />
Sunflow er<br />
Crops<br />
Pigeon<br />
Bean<br />
Durum<br />
Wheat<br />
<strong>System</strong><br />
Average
Carbon balance…………<br />
Contribution <strong>of</strong> different components in total Carbon Yield <strong>from</strong> two systems<br />
Weeds<br />
2%<br />
Green manure<br />
13%<br />
Weeds<br />
2%<br />
Crop Residues<br />
44%<br />
Crop yield<br />
47%<br />
Crop yield<br />
54%<br />
Crop Residues<br />
38%<br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
<strong>Organic</strong>
Carbon balance<br />
CO2<br />
emission<br />
Crop<br />
Residues<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
Manure<br />
Green<br />
Manure<br />
Weeds<br />
Fertilizer<br />
Pesticides<br />
Fossil fuel<br />
C input<br />
into the soil<br />
Crop Production <strong>System</strong>
Carbon balance…………<br />
Total Carbon sequestration (C q/ha)<br />
6<br />
Kg C/ha<br />
conventional<br />
344<br />
kg C/ha<br />
<strong>Organic</strong>
Carbon Balance…………<br />
Total Carbon Balance in soil <strong>from</strong> two cropping systems<br />
700<br />
600<br />
500<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
Total C balance (Kg C ha -1 )<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
-100<br />
-200<br />
-300<br />
Sugarbeet<br />
Common<br />
w heat<br />
Sunflow er<br />
Crops<br />
Pigeon<br />
Bean<br />
Durum<br />
Wheat<br />
<strong>System</strong><br />
Average<br />
• Positive value indicates sequestration <strong>of</strong> atmospheric carbon to soil<br />
• Negative value indicates loss <strong>of</strong> C <strong>from</strong> soil <strong>and</strong> subsequent release in<br />
atmosphere
Energy Balance<br />
Energetic index developed by Bonari et al, (1992)<br />
Input<br />
Oils<br />
Gasoil<br />
Oil<br />
Fertilizers<br />
N<br />
P<br />
K<br />
Pesticides<br />
Herbicides<br />
Insecticides<br />
Fungicides<br />
Seeds<br />
Wheat<br />
Sugarbeet<br />
Sunflower<br />
Pigeon bean<br />
Machine<br />
MJ/hr<br />
MJ/ha<br />
EI(MJ kg-1)<br />
44.4<br />
80<br />
75.3<br />
12.6<br />
9.6<br />
91.3<br />
52.7<br />
55.7<br />
17.2<br />
54<br />
25.5<br />
33.5<br />
Output<br />
Yields<br />
Wheat<br />
Sugar beet<br />
Sunflower<br />
Pigeon bean<br />
By-products<br />
Wheat<br />
Sugar beet<br />
Sunflower<br />
Pigeon bean<br />
EI (MJ kg-1)<br />
13.4<br />
2.90<br />
21.8<br />
16.7<br />
17.6<br />
11.7<br />
15.9<br />
15.9<br />
Wt <strong>of</strong> machine (kg) X energetic index (Mj/Kg)<br />
/life <strong>of</strong> machine (hrs)<br />
Hr/ha X MJ/hr
Energy Balance<br />
Energy input <strong>and</strong> output in two cropping systems<br />
Energy input (GJ ha -1 )<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
Energy output (GJ ha -1 )<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
0<br />
Sugar beet Sunflow er Durum Wheat Common<br />
Crops<br />
Wheat<br />
Pigeon Bean<br />
<strong>System</strong><br />
Average<br />
0<br />
Sugar beet Sunflow er Durum Wheat Common<br />
Crops<br />
Wheat<br />
Pigeon Bean<br />
<strong>System</strong><br />
Average
Energy balance…………<br />
Energy consumed by various agricultural operations in two<br />
production systems<br />
30000<br />
Energy consumption (Mjha -1 )<br />
25000<br />
20000<br />
15000<br />
10000<br />
5000<br />
harvesting<br />
Pesticides<br />
Weed control<br />
Fertilization<br />
Soil tillage <strong>and</strong> sowing<br />
0<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
Production <strong>System</strong>
Energy balance…………<br />
Energetic Output Input Ratio<br />
Energy output/inpput ratio<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
0<br />
Sugar beet Sunflow er Durum Wheat Common<br />
Crops<br />
Wheat<br />
Pigeon Bean<br />
<strong>System</strong><br />
Average
Energy balance…………<br />
0.45<br />
Efficiency <strong>of</strong> energy use in two production system<br />
(Economic yield/energy input)<br />
Energy efficiency (Kg MJ -1 )<br />
0.40<br />
0.35<br />
0.30<br />
0.25<br />
0.20<br />
0.15<br />
0.10<br />
<strong>Organic</strong><br />
<strong>Conventional</strong><br />
0.05<br />
0.00<br />
Sugar beet Sunflower Durum Wheat Common<br />
Crops<br />
Wheat<br />
Pigeon Bean<br />
<strong>System</strong><br />
Average
Conclusion<br />
<strong>Organic</strong> production <strong>of</strong> arable crops under Mediterranean condition<br />
significantly contribute to mitigate climate change as compared with its<br />
conventional counterpart by:<br />
-emitting less CO 2 into the atmosphere<br />
-sequestering more C into the soil <strong>from</strong> atmosphere<br />
-by consuming less energy per unit area <strong>of</strong> farming
Thank you for you attention
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