Horns in cattle - KOBRA - Universität Kassel

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2.5.5. Stress and pain alleviation during disbudding or dehorning 2.5.5.1. Sedation In order to ease the disbudding/dehorning procedure and decrease handling stress for the animals and handlers sometimes sedatives are administered. However, as Löscher (2006) described xylazin as pain alleviating in cattle, it is a rather frequent misconception in practice that deep sedation provides anaesthesia as well. Grøndahl- Nielsen et al. (1999) showed that sedation with xylazine combined with the analgesic butorphanol, used in different groups of calves before sham disbudding or hot iron disbudding, reduced physical activity like leg movements during hot iron disbudding and the cortisol response in the first 30 minutes after the procedure, but it only slightly reduced head jerks compared to non-sedated animals. Stilwell et al. (2010) also found more struggling, more ear-flicks at 10, 25 and 40 minutes and more head-shakes at 40 minutes after hot iron disbudding in xylazine-alone treated calves compared with calves treated with a combination of xylazin and lidocaine. All sedated groups showed similar high plasma cortisol concentrations, even the sham disbudded group, which was also treated with xylazin. However, sedation made the administration of local anaesthetic easier and thus eliminated the need for physical restraint during the administration of the local anaesthetic and during dehorning. 2.5.5.2. Local anaesthesia The cornual nerve, a branch of the Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), provides sensation to the skin of the horn/bud region. Injection of a local anaesthetic around the cornual nerve, as it traverses the frontal crest, desensitizes this region (Frandson et al., 2003). Partly different results regarding local anaesthesia effects on physiological and behavioural pain indications towards disbudding/dehorning have been obtained in different experimental investigations (Morisse et al., 1995; Petrie et al., 1996; Mc Meekan et al. 1998a, b; Sylvester et al., 1998b; Graf and Senn, 1999; Grøndahl- Nielsen et al., 1999; Sutherland et al., 2002b; Sylvester et al., 2004; Vickers et al., 2005; Stilwell et al., 2009). They may partly be due to different disbudding methods applied in calves of different ages (caustics: 10 to 35 days, hot iron: 10 days to 8 33
weeks, scoop disbudding: 6 weeks, scoop dehorning: 3 to 6 months) and different implementations of local anaesthesia, e.g. as regards applied volumes of the anaesthetic. For instance, Morisse et al. (1995) observed an incomplete to lacking effectiveness of anaesthesia during caustic and hot iron disbudding in 40 % of animals that still attempted to escape the operation while 60 % remained motionless showing no evidence of pain. Also Vickers et al. (2005) did not find a significant reduction of behavioural indicators of distress despite application of a local anaesthetic prior to disbudding with caustic paste. They presumed that the basic pH of the caustic paste negatively affected the action of the local anaesthetic. However, volumes of the anaesthetic used (1.5 ml lidocaine to block the cornual nerve and 3 ml s.c. at the base of the horn) might have been insufficient, as Stilwell et al. (2009) concluded from their study that even 5 ml of 2 % lidocaine injected around the cornual nerve could only reduce, but not prevent cortisol rise and pain-related behaviours. Also in the study of Morisse et al. (1995) under field conditions only volumes of 4 ml were used which in some calves might have been insufficient. They, however, considered other factors such as poor handling of calves or individual differences in the neural topography of the horn area as potential causes. Weary (2000) warns that differences in the behavioural response between treated and untreated calves can be sufficiently subtle so that it is difficult for observers to be certain if adequate nerve blockage was achieved. Therefore, efficacy of the anaesthesia should always be controlled before disbudding by testing sensitivity of the skin around the horn bud by pricking (Waiblinger, 2001; DEFRA, 2003; Stilwell et al., 2009). This also means that the person doing the disbudding or dehorning should always allow enough time (not specified) for the anaesthetic to numb the area before they begin (DEFRA, 2003). Despite single studies that did not find indications of pain release through local anaesthesia (e.g. Petrie et al., 1996, for hot iron disbudding), Stafford and Mellor (2005) concluded in their review that in principle a cornual nerve blockade using lignocaine reduces immediate behavioural pain responses like escape behaviour seen during the disbudding/dehorning procedure and eliminates the plasma cortisol response for the duration of its action. However, calves disbudded using a local anaesthetic still require restraint, because calves respond to both, the pain of the procedure and to the physical restraint. The injection of the anaesthetic provokes transient stress and pain, not primarily due to the puncture itself, but presumably due 34
Page 1 and 2: Aus dem Fachgebiet Nutztierethologi
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents List of figures
Page 5 and 6: List of figures 3. Quantitative sur
Page 7 and 8: Tab. 3.12: Tab. 3.13: Tab. 3.14: Ad
Page 9 and 10: Summary Dehorning is a frequently a
Page 11 and 12: Nevertheless most farmers practisin
Page 13 and 14: (1,7m²) signifikant. Weniger Stres
Page 15 and 16: (chapter 2). As no census data exis
Page 17 and 18: their heads. According to oral repo
Page 19 and 20: food competition test than the bree
Page 21 and 22: However, there is insufficient know
Page 23 and 24: An overview over the different mini
Page 25 and 26: ecause it might increase agitation
Page 27 and 28: Tab. 2.2: Overview over minimum sta
Page 29 and 30: 2.4. Discussion and conclusions The
Page 31 and 32: Menke (2002) conclude from a survey
Page 33 and 34: 2004). Dehorning does not only chan
Page 35 and 36: trichloride or zinc oxide. A common
Page 37 and 38: ointment should be applied (Rosenbe
Page 39 and 40: way of concealing vulnerability tow
Page 41 and 42: 2.5.4.3. Surgical disbudding or deh
Page 43 and 44: feedlot cattle in winter, negative
Page 45: een found in docked tails of piglet
Page 49 and 50: than in animals dehorned without an
Page 51 and 52: 3. Quantitative survey 3.1. Introdu
Page 53 and 54: Tab. 3.1: Home states of farmers in
Page 55 and 56: According to the experts 76 % of co
Page 57 and 58: Tab. 3.7: Person carrying out disbu
Page 59 and 60: 3.3.4. Opinions and experiences con
Page 61 and 62: practice of disbudding/ dehorning.
Page 63 and 64: organised in organisations and/or m
Page 65 and 66: According to cattle experts from 25
Page 67 and 68: ehaviour compared to the other meth
Page 69 and 70: (Cozzi et al., 2009). This indicate
Page 71 and 72: 3.5. Conclusion As the general cond
Page 73 and 74: The moderator was an animal scienti
Page 75 and 76: could be useless for him, if the hi
Page 77 and 78: They stated that the common opinion
Page 79 and 80: the loss of their “peasant cultur
Page 81 and 82: stockman. Moreover, the suckler cow
Page 83 and 84: 4.3.2.8. Prospects for the future A
Page 85 and 86: 4.3.3.4. Motivations to disbud the
Page 87 and 88: 4.3.3.7. Legal standards and recomm
Page 89 and 90: In the current discussions, differe
Page 91 and 92: They were proud of the good perform
Page 93 and 94: 4.4.3. Changes in the current pract
Page 95 and 96: EU Regulation on Organic Agricultur
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individual distances than dehorned
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Tab 5.1: Number of injuries and ago
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“scans” including agonistic int
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Average walking activity in the mor
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situation will change after a while
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6. Can pasture access contribute to
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A mixed ration comprising maize sil
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stable from the waiting area. Durin
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Tab. 6.5: Agonistic interactions an
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pasture access during night on tota
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In general, the question remains, w
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tail wagging, dropping down (Taschk
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insufficient knowledge about the ac
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pasture access, they showed cardiac
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Aschwanden, J., Gygax, L., Wechsler
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Charlton, G.L., Rutter, S.M., East,
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EFSA. 2009. Effects of farming syst
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Gorniak, T., Liedtke, S., Sobieroj,
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http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/wel
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Loxton, I.D.L., Toleman, M.A., Holm
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Molony, V., Kent, J.E., McKendrick,
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Sambraus, H.H. 1978. Rind. Sozialve
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über Ernährung, Landwirtschaft un
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housed on straw deep litter at diff
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Windig. J.J., Eggen, A. 2009. Repor
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10. Annex Table of Annex Annex 1: Q
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136
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Annex 3 : Questionnaire for the par
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Annex 4: Interview guide for the fo
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Diskutieren, welche Vor- und Nachte
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Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich di
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