Horns in cattle - KOBRA - Universität Kassel
Horns in cattle - KOBRA - Universität Kassel
Horns in cattle - KOBRA - Universität Kassel
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Tab. 2.1: Factors <strong>in</strong>fluenc<strong>in</strong>g the quality and quantity of agonistic behaviour <strong>in</strong> dairy<br />
cows<br />
Factor<br />
References<br />
Presence or absence of horns Graf, 1974<br />
Herd composition, frequency of regroup<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
mix<strong>in</strong>g unfamiliar animals<br />
Group rear<strong>in</strong>g of calves (early social environment<br />
& social experience)<br />
Method of <strong>in</strong>tegration of new cows <strong>in</strong>to the herd<br />
Boe & Farevik, 2003; Menke,<br />
1996<br />
Boe & Farevik, 2003<br />
Menke, 1996; Boe & Farevik,<br />
2003<br />
Separation time of dry/calv<strong>in</strong>g cows from the herd Waibl<strong>in</strong>ger, 1996<br />
Measures to avoid disturbances by cows <strong>in</strong> oestrus Menke, 1996<br />
Lock<strong>in</strong>g the feed<strong>in</strong>g rack dur<strong>in</strong>g feed<strong>in</strong>g Waibl<strong>in</strong>ger, 1996<br />
Problem solv<strong>in</strong>g management Waibl<strong>in</strong>ger, 1996<br />
Human-animal-relationship (frequency and<br />
quality of contact)<br />
Stockperson personality and attitude towards the<br />
cows via behaviour and management<br />
Waibl<strong>in</strong>ger, 1996<br />
Waibl<strong>in</strong>ger, 1996<br />
Frequency of personnel change Menke, 1996<br />
Frequency of brush<strong>in</strong>g the cows Waibl<strong>in</strong>ger, 1996<br />
Number of different milkers Menke, 1996<br />
Herd size Boe & Farevik, 2003<br />
Design of hous<strong>in</strong>g facilities (structured versus<br />
unstructured ly<strong>in</strong>g area, feed<strong>in</strong>g rack)<br />
Space allowance per cow<br />
Provision of an outdoor run<br />
Animal characteristics (breed, temperament,<br />
breed<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>e)<br />
Menke, 1996<br />
Wierenga, 1990; Metz &<br />
Mekk<strong>in</strong>g, 1984; Menke, 1996,<br />
Menke et al., 1999, Schneider,<br />
2010<br />
Menke, 1996; Menke et al.,<br />
2000; Schneider et al., 2008<br />
Le Ne<strong>in</strong>dre & Sourd, 1984;<br />
Boiv<strong>in</strong> et al., 1994; Plusquellec<br />
& Bouissou, 2001<br />
Many farmers state that different breeds and also different breed<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>es with<strong>in</strong> one<br />
breed imply different potentials for <strong>in</strong>traspecific aggression (and also for aggression<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st humans, Boiv<strong>in</strong> et al., 1994). For <strong>in</strong>stance, Saler groups showed more nonagonistic<br />
<strong>in</strong>teractions than Friesian groups (Le Ne<strong>in</strong>dre and Sourd, 1984), and<br />
Plusquellec and Bouissou (2001) found the breed Ehr<strong>in</strong>ger, selected for fight and<br />
dom<strong>in</strong>ance ability, less aggressive <strong>in</strong> undisturbed groups as well as more tolerant <strong>in</strong> a<br />
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