Horns in cattle - KOBRA - Universität Kassel

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Tab. 2.1: Factors influencing the quality and quantity of agonistic behaviour in dairy cows Factor References Presence or absence of horns Graf, 1974 Herd composition, frequency of regrouping, mixing unfamiliar animals Group rearing of calves (early social environment & social experience) Method of integration of new cows into the herd Boe & Farevik, 2003; Menke, 1996 Boe & Farevik, 2003 Menke, 1996; Boe & Farevik, 2003 Separation time of dry/calving cows from the herd Waiblinger, 1996 Measures to avoid disturbances by cows in oestrus Menke, 1996 Locking the feeding rack during feeding Waiblinger, 1996 Problem solving management Waiblinger, 1996 Human-animal-relationship (frequency and quality of contact) Stockperson personality and attitude towards the cows via behaviour and management Waiblinger, 1996 Waiblinger, 1996 Frequency of personnel change Menke, 1996 Frequency of brushing the cows Waiblinger, 1996 Number of different milkers Menke, 1996 Herd size Boe & Farevik, 2003 Design of housing facilities (structured versus unstructured lying area, feeding rack) Space allowance per cow Provision of an outdoor run Animal characteristics (breed, temperament, breeding line) Menke, 1996 Wierenga, 1990; Metz & Mekking, 1984; Menke, 1996, Menke et al., 1999, Schneider, 2010 Menke, 1996; Menke et al., 2000; Schneider et al., 2008 Le Neindre & Sourd, 1984; Boivin et al., 1994; Plusquellec & Bouissou, 2001 Many farmers state that different breeds and also different breeding lines within one breed imply different potentials for intraspecific aggression (and also for aggression against humans, Boivin et al., 1994). For instance, Saler groups showed more nonagonistic interactions than Friesian groups (Le Neindre and Sourd, 1984), and Plusquellec and Bouissou (2001) found the breed Ehringer, selected for fight and dominance ability, less aggressive in undisturbed groups as well as more tolerant in a 5
food competition test than the breed Swiss Brown (Brune des Alpes). Unfortunately, no comparative studies on horned and dehorned herds under comparable conditions regarding proportions of physical and non-physical agonistic interactions are available. In any case, they would be difficult to implement as threats may be very subtle signals that are difficult to observe reliably on group level (Winckler et al., 2002). Moreover, sufficient control of the possibly confounding factors displayed in Table 2.1 would be needed. To compare horned and dehorned herds with respect to frequencies of physical agonistic interactions is similarly difficult. Such a comparison is only available from Graf (1974) for horned and dehorned cows at pasture. His results confirm the hypothesis of lower frequencies of physical agonistic interactions in horned cows (0.17 pushes/animal/hour versus 0.66 pushes in dehorned cows). Menke et al. (1999), though acknowledging the limitations due to confounding factors and differences in timing and methods of observations, tried to evaluate their results of observations in 35 horned dairy cow herds in relation to other studies with dehorned herds. They found that the average level of 0.25 physical interactions per animal and hour in the horned herds was lower throughout than the results from dehorned herds that ranged from 0.33 to 4.6 interactions/animal and hour (Collis et al., 1979; Jonasen, 1991; Menke, 1996). Menke et al. (1999) further hypothesized that lower frequencies of physical agonistic behaviour in horned herds will have positive effects on the stability of the social structure of the herd. For example, older horned cows might be able to stay high in rank despite loosing weight and physical strength. Reinhardt (1980) reported from a semi-wild herd of Zebu cattle that older high-ranking cows had lower body weight, but longer horns than younger low-ranking cows. Kimstedt (1974), on the other hand, observed in one commercial dairy herd after dehorning no consistent shift in ranks. However, observation time was probably too short to detect real long-term effects on the social order of the herd. Nevertheless, also Bouissou (1964 cited from Bouissou, 1972) found that dehorning does not necessarily change the hierarchy in an established group, since the dominance relationships are maintained largely by long range threatening signals. Thus, effects of dehorning depend on whether the cows concerned get involved in fighting or not. If it comes to fighting with horned animals, they will most probably loose (Sambraus, 1978). Therefore, horns are found to be of 6
Page 1 and 2: Aus dem Fachgebiet Nutztierethologi
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents List of figures
Page 5 and 6: List of figures 3. Quantitative sur
Page 7 and 8: Tab. 3.12: Tab. 3.13: Tab. 3.14: Ad
Page 9 and 10: Summary Dehorning is a frequently a
Page 11 and 12: Nevertheless most farmers practisin
Page 13 and 14: (1,7m²) signifikant. Weniger Stres
Page 15 and 16: (chapter 2). As no census data exis
Page 17: their heads. According to oral repo
Page 21 and 22: However, there is insufficient know
Page 23 and 24: An overview over the different mini
Page 25 and 26: ecause it might increase agitation
Page 27 and 28: Tab. 2.2: Overview over minimum sta
Page 29 and 30: 2.4. Discussion and conclusions The
Page 31 and 32: Menke (2002) conclude from a survey
Page 33 and 34: 2004). Dehorning does not only chan
Page 35 and 36: trichloride or zinc oxide. A common
Page 37 and 38: ointment should be applied (Rosenbe
Page 39 and 40: way of concealing vulnerability tow
Page 41 and 42: 2.5.4.3. Surgical disbudding or deh
Page 43 and 44: feedlot cattle in winter, negative
Page 45 and 46: een found in docked tails of piglet
Page 47 and 48: weeks, scoop disbudding: 6 weeks, s
Page 49 and 50: than in animals dehorned without an
Page 51 and 52: 3. Quantitative survey 3.1. Introdu
Page 53 and 54: Tab. 3.1: Home states of farmers in
Page 55 and 56: According to the experts 76 % of co
Page 57 and 58: Tab. 3.7: Person carrying out disbu
Page 59 and 60: 3.3.4. Opinions and experiences con
Page 61 and 62: practice of disbudding/ dehorning.
Page 63 and 64: organised in organisations and/or m
Page 65 and 66: According to cattle experts from 25
Page 67 and 68: ehaviour compared to the other meth
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(Cozzi et al., 2009). This indicate
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3.5. Conclusion As the general cond
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The moderator was an animal scienti
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could be useless for him, if the hi
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They stated that the common opinion
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the loss of their “peasant cultur
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stockman. Moreover, the suckler cow
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4.3.2.8. Prospects for the future A
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4.3.3.4. Motivations to disbud the
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4.3.3.7. Legal standards and recomm
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In the current discussions, differe
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They were proud of the good perform
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4.4.3. Changes in the current pract
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EU Regulation on Organic Agricultur
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individual distances than dehorned
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Tab 5.1: Number of injuries and ago
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“scans” including agonistic int
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Average walking activity in the mor
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situation will change after a while
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6. Can pasture access contribute to
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A mixed ration comprising maize sil
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stable from the waiting area. Durin
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Tab. 6.5: Agonistic interactions an
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pasture access during night on tota
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In general, the question remains, w
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tail wagging, dropping down (Taschk
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insufficient knowledge about the ac
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pasture access, they showed cardiac
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Aschwanden, J., Gygax, L., Wechsler
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Charlton, G.L., Rutter, S.M., East,
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EFSA. 2009. Effects of farming syst
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Gorniak, T., Liedtke, S., Sobieroj,
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http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/wel
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Loxton, I.D.L., Toleman, M.A., Holm
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Molony, V., Kent, J.E., McKendrick,
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Sambraus, H.H. 1978. Rind. Sozialve
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über Ernährung, Landwirtschaft un
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housed on straw deep litter at diff
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Windig. J.J., Eggen, A. 2009. Repor
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10. Annex Table of Annex Annex 1: Q
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136
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138
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140
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142
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144
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146
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Annex 3 : Questionnaire for the par
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Annex 4: Interview guide for the fo
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Diskutieren, welche Vor- und Nachte
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Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich di
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