Training Manual Application of Genetics and Biotechnology in ...

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CHAPTER 12 Marine Bio-active Compounds and their Bio-therapeutic Applications S. Kannappan, K. P. Jithendran and G. Gopikrishna and M.S.Shekhar Marine biotechnology can be defined as the use of mechanistic, scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by marine bioIogica1 agents in order to provide chemical compounds for various applications. Under marine biotechnology, Archea is a newly defined cIass of organisms that are extremophiles, living beyond normal parameters. Examples are thermophiles, halophiles, thermoacidic and psychrophiles etc. The ocean has immense, unplumbed resources such as, bacterial polysaccharides and peptides, bio-therapeutic agents, neuro-toxic compounds, anti-cancer and marine drugs etc. Marine biotechnology has minimum pharmaceutical success as compared to terrestrial biotechnology because of difficulties of retrieving a sustained and reliable harvest of marine organisms, inadequate quantities of qaterial to allow for complete study, difficulties in culturing in the experimental laboratory. Many bio-active agents have been identified but none in the form of approved pharmaceuticals and clinical trials are available in India. The advancement is limited due to the inability to chemically synthesize these compounds and raise the organisms in culture and harvest the organism from its natural environment. Bioactive resources from sea Novel Pharmaceutical Compounds from Marine Bacteria Recent Developments on Antimicrobial Metabolites from Marine Sponges ~ioadtive Compounds from Corals Pore-Forming Proteins from Sea Anemones Bioactive Compounds from Bryozoans Novel Alkaloids from Marine Bryozoans
Proteinases from Marine Organisms The main fields of interest are enzymes and bio-polymers. Enzymes from hyperthermophiles have been a major target of biotechnology programmes in the last decade (e.g. EU FP4 and FP5 "Extremophiles as cell factories"). Thermostable proteases, lipases, esterases, starch and xylan-degrading enzymes have been actively sought and in many cases found in bacterial and archaeal .hyperthennophilic marine microorganisms . The best known commercial success of thermostable enzymes is the Taq DNA polymerase, obtained from Tfiermus aquaticus (Yellowstone hot spring). Marine Thermococcales have been an important source of high fidelity thermostable DNA polymerases (Pfu, Vent, Pab, etc.) accounting for 30 % of the total sales. Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS), especially those produced by some mesophilic Vibrios and Alteromonas strains isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, display interesting therapeutic uses like tissue regeneration and cardiovascular diseases (antithrombotic / proangiogenic effects). Characterisation and preliminary results on anticoagulant activities of the EPS showed that native EPS were deprived of effect Over billions of years, marine microbes have moulded the global climate and structured the atmosphere. Knowledge of the biochemical processes that adapted, diversified and evolved in very different and extreme enyironments is the basis for discoveries in biotechnology" (ESF Marine Board, Position Paper 5, 2002). This statement reflects the current opinion of most of the scientific community in Europe. One salt-loving group of archaea includes Halobacterium, a well-studied archaean. The light-sensitive pigment bacteriorhodopsin gives Halobacterium its color and provides it with chemical energy. This protein is chemically very similar to the lightdetecting pigment rhodopsin, found in the vertebrate retina. The newly established genus Pseudoalteromonas contains numerous marine species which synthesize biologically active molecules. The production of a range of compounds which are active against a variety of target organisms appears to be a unique characteristic for this genus and may greatly benefit Pseudoalteromonas cells in their competition for nutrients and colonization of surfaces. Species of
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Page 6 and 7: CHAPTER 1 Quantitative Genetics in
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Page 10 and 11: of genetic differences among the in
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Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER 3 MICROBIAL TECHNIQUES M.S.
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Page 32 and 33: survival. It could have been due to
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Page 42 and 43: References Barkay, T. and Pritchard
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Page 48 and 49: Cytokines : Interferon, interleukin
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