Training Manual Application of Genetics and Biotechnology in ...
Training Manual Application of Genetics and Biotechnology in ...
Training Manual Application of Genetics and Biotechnology in ...
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BIOREMEDIATION OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE WATER<br />
K. K. Krishnani<br />
Aquatic contam<strong>in</strong>ation - Health Hazards to aquatic animals<br />
Aquaculture, particularly culture <strong>of</strong> tiger shrimp Penaeus nzonodon , has<br />
extensively been practiced all along coastal regions <strong>of</strong> India. However, dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
past 20 years, there has been a revolutionary change <strong>in</strong> the aquaculture <strong>in</strong>dustry. The<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g impairment <strong>of</strong> coastal water quality has affected the aquaculture<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>itability <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> areas. The mar<strong>in</strong>e environment has become a dump<strong>in</strong>g ground<br />
for discharge <strong>of</strong> wastes <strong>of</strong> heavy <strong>in</strong>dustries carry<strong>in</strong>g metals, chemicals, pesticides <strong>and</strong><br />
other hazardous pollutants, which is likely to result <strong>in</strong> deterioration <strong>of</strong> coastal water<br />
(Sakthivel <strong>and</strong> Ramamurthy, 2003). Pesticides that are primarily <strong>of</strong> agricultural<br />
orig<strong>in</strong> may pose a serious environmental hazard because <strong>of</strong> their persistence, toxicity<br />
<strong>and</strong> lipophilic nature (Krishnani, 1998). Heavy metals which are discharged from<br />
electroplat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustry, metal f<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g, leather tann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> chrome preparation, to<br />
coastal waters has got an adverse impact on the aquatic species as they are among the<br />
conservative pollutants which are not subjected to bacterial attack or decomposition<br />
<strong>and</strong> are permanent additions to the mar<strong>in</strong>e environment (Krishnani et al. 2003). The<br />
pollution <strong>of</strong> soil <strong>and</strong> water with xenobiotics is widespread <strong>in</strong> the environment <strong>and</strong> is<br />
creat<strong>in</strong>g major health problems.<br />
Apart from xenobiotics, the culture <strong>of</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> brackishwater organisms <strong>in</strong><br />
aquaculture systems may result <strong>in</strong> metabolic loads <strong>in</strong> the ponds <strong>and</strong> may reach the<br />
environment through dra<strong>in</strong>ed waste. Accumulation <strong>of</strong> organic matter, solids,<br />
nitrogenous compounds <strong>and</strong> other nutrients may cause stress <strong>and</strong> DO depletion,<br />
which are unfavourable tb the animals but favourable to the disease caus<strong>in</strong>g agents,<br />
particularly when the <strong>in</strong>take <strong>and</strong> dra<strong>in</strong>age systems <strong>of</strong> the aquaculture farms are both<br />
based on the same water source. The control <strong>of</strong> water quality is therefore the key<br />
factor for success <strong>in</strong> shrimp farm<strong>in</strong>g. In general, effective management <strong>of</strong> water