Training Manual Application of Genetics and Biotechnology in ...
Training Manual Application of Genetics and Biotechnology in ...
Training Manual Application of Genetics and Biotechnology in ...
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Nutrition <strong>and</strong> Captive Broodstock Development<br />
CHAPTER 7<br />
Global aquaculture productions <strong>of</strong> shrimp had been fac<strong>in</strong>g immense<br />
fluctuations through out the World due to number <strong>of</strong> factors. The decrease <strong>in</strong><br />
production tonnage for all species has been attributed to environmental degradation,<br />
farm mismanagement <strong>and</strong> losses due to diseases which are the critical constra<strong>in</strong>ts for<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued development <strong>of</strong> susta<strong>in</strong>able shrimp aquaculture (FAO, 1997). In addition<br />
to these <strong>in</strong>adequate domestication (poor closed - recirculation system , performance<br />
<strong>of</strong> broodstock with the resultant <strong>in</strong> adequate supply <strong>of</strong> quality post larvae), limited<br />
choice <strong>of</strong> different <strong>and</strong> economical live feed <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>adequate water quality<br />
management have been identified as further significant constra<strong>in</strong>ts to the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> shrimp culture. Thus, there is considerable scope <strong>of</strong> application <strong>of</strong> a<br />
wide range <strong>of</strong> the newly develop<strong>in</strong>g biotechnologies <strong>in</strong> an effort to ameliorate these<br />
problems.<br />
Presently wild broodstock availability, quality <strong>and</strong> cost had been the ma<strong>in</strong><br />
constra<strong>in</strong>t for the disease free quality seed production. Factors such as transboundry<br />
transfers <strong>of</strong> live shrimp - broodstock <strong>and</strong> post larvae are ma<strong>in</strong> causes <strong>of</strong> rapid<br />
transmission <strong>of</strong> epizootic viral diseases <strong>in</strong> shrimp. Under these circumstances<br />
conventional methods <strong>of</strong> controll<strong>in</strong>g aquatic animal pathogens such as chemotherapy<br />
appears to be less effective <strong>in</strong> manag<strong>in</strong>g newly emerg<strong>in</strong>g pathogens. <strong>Application</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
molecular biotechnology <strong>in</strong> screen<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> detection <strong>of</strong> pathogens, elucidation <strong>of</strong><br />
pathogenicity, developmental <strong>of</strong> effective control <strong>and</strong> preventive measures <strong>in</strong><br />
treatment <strong>of</strong> disease have'been some <strong>of</strong> the latest <strong>in</strong>tervention.<br />
Complimentary approaches:<br />
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>of</strong> shrimp culture depends by us<strong>in</strong>g proper broodstock<br />
management programmes, selection <strong>of</strong> specific pathogen free (SPF) from the wild,<br />
rais<strong>in</strong>g them under strict sanitary conditions <strong>and</strong> propagat<strong>in</strong>g them through selective<br />
breed<strong>in</strong>g programmmes <strong>in</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g specific pathogen resistant (SPR) could susta<strong>in</strong>