GM crops in developing countries: full discussion paper

Can GM crops be introduced in such a way that local customs and practices are respected? ......51
Can GM crops make a relevant contribution to solving health problems
in developing countries?..................................................................................................................52
Will GM technology be controlled in ways that are compatible with self governance and
economic security?............................................................................................................................54
Is the introduction of GM crops in developing countries consistent with a precautionary
approach to biodiversity and human health? ................................................................................54
Gene flow and biodiversity....................................................................................................54
The precautionary approach .................................................................................................56
Food safety .............................................................................................................................59
Summary of Chapters 2-4.................................................................................................................61
Chapter 5: Governance .........................................................................................63
Governance: international regulation.............................................................................................65
The World Trade Organization ..............................................................................................65
The Codex Alimentarius .........................................................................................................66
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety....................................................................................67
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture...............69
The European Union.........................................................................................................................70
Directive 2001/18/EC and Directive 90/220/EEC on the deliberate release into the
environment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)....................................................70
Regulation 1830/2003/EC on Traceability and Labelling......................................................72
Regulation 1829/2003/EC on GM Food and Feed.................................................................72
Regulatory and ethical issues...........................................................................................................73
National administrative and technical capacity of regulating the use of GM crops
in developing countries..........................................................................................................73
Local autonomy and choice ...................................................................................................75
Interdependence: the case of food aid.................................................................................77
Interdependence: the impact of European and international trade policy.......................80
Chapter 6: Control of and access to genetic modification technologies ..........83
Material Transfer Agreements .........................................................................................................85
Licensing of patented GM technologies .........................................................................................86
Germplasm.........................................................................................................................................87
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................88
Appendix 1: Executive Summary of the 1999 Report ........................................93
Appendix 2: The importance of labour intensive agriculture ...........................95
Appendix 3: Examples of GM crops relevant to developing countries ................97
Appendix 4: Method of working ........................................................................105
Appendix 5: Responses to the invitation to comment .....................................107
Glossary.................................................................................................................111
Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms..........................................................115
Index......................................................................................................................117
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