Sample Chapter 10 from the Textbook (35559.0K) - McGraw-Hill

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Flexor digitorum brevis tendons (cut) Adductor hallucis Flexor hallucis longus tendon (cut) Lumbricales Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Plantar interossei Flexor hallucis longus tendon Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum longus tendons Flexor hallucis brevis Quadratus plantae Abductor digiti minimi Plantar aponeurosis (cut) Flexor digitorum brevis tendon (cut) FIGURE 10.36 Right Foot Muscles (a) Superficial muscles of the right foot. The plantar aponeurosis is cut. (b) Deep muscles of the right foot. The flexor digitorum brevis and flexor hallucis longus are cut. (Muscle names are in bold.) Table 10.23 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (see figure 10.36) Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Action Abductor digiti minimi (ab-dŭk′ter, ab-dŭk′tōr dij′i-tī min′ĭ -mī ) Abductor hallucis (ab-dŭk′ter, ab-dŭk′tōr hal′i-sis) Adductor hallucis (a-dŭk′ter, a-dŭk′tōr hal′i-sis; not illustrated) Extensor digitorum brevis (dij′i-tōr′ŭm brev′is; not illustrated) Flexor digiti minimi brevis (dij′i-tī min′ĭ -mī brev′is) Flexor digitorum brevis (dij′i-tōr′ŭm brev′is) Flexor hallucis brevis (hal′i-sis brev′is) Dorsal interossei (in′ter-os′e-ī ; not illustrated) Plantar interossei (plan′tăr in′ter-os′e-ī ) Lumbricales (lum′bri-kā-lēz) Quadratus plantae (kwah′drā′tŭs plan′tē) Calcaneus Proximal phalanx of fifth toe Lateral plantar Abducts and flexes little toe Calcaneus Lateral four metatarsal bones Calcaneus Base of proximal phalanx of great toe Medial plantar Abducts great toe Proximal phalanx of great toe Lateral plantar Adducts great toe Four tendons fused with tendons of extensor digitorum longus Deep fibular* Extends toes Fifth metatarsal bone Proximal phalanx of digit 5 Lateral plantar Flexes little toe (proximal phalanx) Calcaneus and plantar fascia Cuboid; medial and lateral cuneiforms Metatarsal bones Third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Calcaneus Four tendons to middle phalanges of four lateral toes Two tendons to proximal phalanx of great toe Proximal phalanges of digits 2, 3, and 4 Proximal phalanges of digits 3, 4, and 5 Extensor expansion of digits 2–5 Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Medial plantar Medial and lateral plantar Lateral plantar Lateral plantar Lateral and medial plantar Lateral plantar Flexes lateral four toes Flexes great toe Abduct second, third, and fourth toes Adduct third, fourth, and fifth toes Flex proximal and extend middle and distal phalanges Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four toes *Also referred to as the peroneal nerve.
cHAPTeR 10 Muscular System 357 Clinical IMPaCT Bodybuilding FiGuRe 10A Bodybuilders bodybuilding is a popular sport worldwide. Its participants combine diet and specific weight training to develop maximum muscle mass and minimum body fat, with the goal of achieving a complete, well-balanced physique. Skill, training, and concentration are required to build a well-proportioned, muscular body and to know which exercises develop a large number of muscles and which are specialized to build up certain parts of the body. An uninformed, untrained muscle builder can build some muscles and ignore others; the result is a disproportioned body. Is the old adage “no pain, no gain” correct? Not really. Overexercising can cause soreness and small tears in muscles. Torn muscles are weaker, and it may take up to 3 weeks to repair the damage, even though the soreness may last only 5–10 days. Historically, although bodybuilders had a lot of muscle mass, they were not “in shape.” However, today bodybuilders exercise aerobically in addition to “pumping iron.” A current topic of discussion for modern bodybuilders is whether bodybuilding shortens their life span. For instance, scientific evidence has shown that restricted-calorie diets increase life span, yet some bodybuilders consume at least 4500 calories a day when in the “bulking” phase of training. Others claim that the training process of lifting extremely heavy weights, such as squat-lifting 500 pounds in series of repetitions, and carrying the extra poundage of their acquired muscle mass causes their heart to work harder. However the overwhelming evidence at this time shows that the life span of active people is longer than that of sedentary people, even when the activity is extreme. As bodybuilders age and reduce the intensity of their workouts, their muscle mass decreases, but not at a porportionally higher rate than other people with a lower activity level. In chapter 9, see the section “Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle” for more information on the effects of reduced muscle mass as people age. Bodybuilders also have their own language. They refer to “lats,” “traps,” and “delts” rather than latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and deltoids. The exercises have special names, such as “lat pulldowns,” “preacher curls,” and “triceps extensions.” Photographs of bodybuilders are very useful in the study of anatomy because they allow us to identify the surface anatomy of muscles that cannot usually be seen in untrained people (figure 10A). learn to Predict From page 309 The description of Pedro’s injury provided specific information about the regions of the body affected: the left hip and thigh. In addition, we are told that the injury affected action potential conduction to the muscles of these regions. These facts will help us determine Pedro’s symptoms and predict the movements that may be affected by his injury. Chapter 9 described the relationship between action potential conduction and the force of muscle contractions. The reduction in action potential conduction to the muscles of the hip and thigh reduced the stimulation of these muscles, reducing the contraction force. as a result of his injury, we can predict that Pedro experienced weakness in his left hip and thigh, limiting his activity level. Answer We read in chapter 10 that the muscles affected by Pedro’s injury (psoas major, iliacus, pectineus, sartorius, vastus lateralis, vastus medius, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris) are involved in flexing the hip, the knee, or both. Therefore, we can conclude that movements involving hip and knee flexion, such as walking up and down stairs, would be affected. any tasks that require Pedro to walk up and down stairs would be more difficult for him. Sitting and standing may also be affected, but the weakness in Pedro’s left hip and thigh may be compensated for by increased muscle strength on his right side. Answers to the rest of this chapter’s Predict questions are in Appendix G.
Page 1 and 2: 10 Muscular System GROSS aNaTOMY Wi
Page 3 and 4: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 311 Tabl
Page 5 and 6: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 313 W P
Page 7 and 8: FUNDaMeNTal Figure Sternocleidomast
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 317 Semi
Page 13 and 14: cHAPTeR 10 Muscular System 321 Fron
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 327 Tens
Page 21 and 22: FUNDaMeNTal Figure Splenius capitis
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 331 Post
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 333 Pect
Page 31 and 32: cHAPTeR 10 Muscular System 339
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 341 Serr
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 343 Olec
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 347 the
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 349 Glut
Page 43 and 44: cHAPTeR 10 Muscular System 351 Pect
Page 45 and 46: cHAPTeR 10 Muscular System 353 Post
Page 47: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 355 Gast
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 10 Muscular System 359 2. T

Sample Chapter 10 from the Textbook (35559.0K) - McGraw-Hill

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?