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Earn<br />
1 CE credits<br />
<strong>This</strong> course was<br />
written for dentists,<br />
dental hygienists,<br />
and assistants.<br />
<strong>Ouch</strong>, <strong>This</strong><br />
<strong>Ulcer</strong> <strong>Hurts</strong>!<br />
DEMYSTIFYING THE<br />
PHENOMENON OF APHTHOUS ULCERS<br />
A Peer-Reviewed Publication<br />
Written by Lisa Dowst-Mayo, RDH, BSDH<br />
Abstract<br />
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most<br />
<strong>com</strong>mon idiopathic ulcerative condition seen<br />
today, affecting over 100 million Americans.<br />
<strong>Ulcer</strong>s can be painful, slow to heal, difficult to<br />
treat, and at worst, cause impairments in eating,<br />
drinking, sleeping, and speaking. <strong>This</strong> review of<br />
the literature found many different treatment<br />
options whose effectiveness remains inconclusive,<br />
and to date, there is no one definitive treatment<br />
modality for RAS. Even though aphthous ulcers<br />
have been studied extensively, there are still many<br />
unknowns when it <strong>com</strong>es to their <strong>com</strong>position,<br />
pathophysiology, and manifestations in the oral<br />
cavity. Research does conclude that RAS may be<br />
the secondary issue of a more serious systemic<br />
infection in patients. <strong>This</strong> course will provide<br />
the most current research-based tools for for<br />
professionals who are trying to aid their patients<br />
suffering from RAS.<br />
Educational Objectives<br />
1. Proficiently identify clinical traits and<br />
differentiate between the three identified<br />
morphological types of recurrent aphthous<br />
stomatitis.<br />
2. Understand the pathophysiology, etiology, and<br />
microbiology of aphthous ulcers.<br />
3. Be educated on the most current researchbased<br />
treatment options for patients.<br />
4. Possess useful tools to use in the dental office<br />
for the treatment and management of RAS.<br />
Author Profile<br />
Lisa Dowst-Mayo, RDH, BSDH, received her Bachelorette<br />
degree in dental hygiene from Baylor College of<br />
Dentistry in 2002. She has been active member in the<br />
tripartite of the America/Texas/Dallas & San Antonio<br />
dental hygiene associations since graduation and has<br />
held numerous leadership positions both at the state<br />
and local levels. She has worked as a full time clinical<br />
dental hygienist for the past 10 years and is currently<br />
employed at Dominion Dental Spa, the office of Dr.<br />
Tiffini Stratton, DDS. She is a published author and national<br />
lecturer; you can contact her through her website<br />
at lisamayordh.<strong>com</strong>.<br />
Author Disclosure<br />
Lisa Dowst-Mayo has no affiliations with any <strong>com</strong>pany<br />
who would have a gained interest in the material<br />
published in this course. There was no corporate sponsor<br />
in the making of this course and the author is not<br />
employed by a <strong>com</strong>pany that would stand to profit off<br />
the publication of this course.<br />
Go Green, Go Online to take your course<br />
Publication date: Mar. 2013<br />
Expiration date: Feb. 2016<br />
Supplement to PennWell Publications<br />
PennWell designates this activity for 1 Continuing Educational Credits Dental Board of<br />
California: Provider 4527, course registration number CA# 01-4527-13007<br />
“<strong>This</strong> course meets the Dental Board of California’s requirements for 1 units of continuing education.”<br />
The PennWell Corporation is designated as an Approved PACE Program Provider by the<br />
Academy of General Dentistry. The formal continuing dental education programs of this<br />
program provider are accepted by the AGD for Fellowship, Mastership and membership<br />
maintenance credit. Approval does not imply acceptance by a state or provincial board of<br />
dentistry or AGD endorsement. The current term of approval extends from (11/1/2011) to<br />
(10/31/2015) Provider ID# 320452.<br />
<strong>This</strong> educational activity was developed by PennWell’s Dental Group with no <strong>com</strong>mercial support.<br />
<strong>This</strong> course was written for dentists, dental hygienists and assistants, from novice to skilled.<br />
Educational Methods: <strong>This</strong> course is a self-instructional journal and web activity.<br />
Provider Disclosure: PennWell does not have a leadership position or a <strong>com</strong>mercial interest in any products or<br />
services discussed or shared in this educational activity nor with the <strong>com</strong>mercial supporter. No manufacturer or<br />
third party has had any input into the development of course content.<br />
Requirements for Successful Completion: To obtain 1 CE credits for this educational activity you must pay the<br />
required fee, review the material, <strong>com</strong>plete the course evaluation and obtain a score of at least 70%.<br />
CE Planner Disclosure: Heather Hodges, CE Coordinator does not have a leadership or <strong>com</strong>mercial interest with<br />
products or services discussed in this educational activity. Heather can be reached at hhodges@pennwell.<strong>com</strong><br />
Educational Disclaimer: Completing a single continuing education course does not provide enough information<br />
to result in the participant being an expert in the field related to the course topic. It is a <strong>com</strong>bination of many<br />
educational courses and clinical experience that allows the participant to develop skills and expertise.<br />
Registration: The cost of this CE course is $20.00 for 1 CE credits.<br />
Cancellation/Refund Policy: Any participant who is not 100% satisfied with this course can request a full<br />
refund by contacting PennWell in writing.
Educational Objectives<br />
The overall goal of this course is to review the most current research<br />
surrounding aphthous ulcers or more <strong>com</strong>monly identified<br />
in the literature as recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), which<br />
can cause significant impairments for patients. After reading this<br />
article the reader should be able to:<br />
1. Proficiently identify clinical traits and differentiate between<br />
the three identified morphological types of recurrent<br />
aphthous stomatitis.<br />
2. Understand the pathophysiology, etiology, and microbiology<br />
of aphthous ulcers.<br />
3. Be educated on the most current research-based treatment<br />
options for patients.<br />
4. Possess beneficial tools to use in the dental office for the<br />
treatment and management of RAS.<br />
Abstract<br />
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most <strong>com</strong>mon idiopathic<br />
ulcerative condition seen today, affecting over 100 million<br />
Americans. <strong>Ulcer</strong>s can be painful, slow to heal, difficult to treat,<br />
and at worst, cause impairments in eating, drinking, sleeping,<br />
and speaking. <strong>This</strong> review of the literature found many different<br />
treatment options whose effectiveness remains inconclusive, and<br />
to date, there is no one definitive treatment modality for RAS.<br />
Even though aphthous ulcers have been studied extensively, there<br />
are still many unknowns when it <strong>com</strong>es to their <strong>com</strong>position,<br />
pathophysiology, and manifestations in the oral cavity. Research<br />
does conclude that RAS may be the secondary issue of a more<br />
serious systemic infection in patients. <strong>This</strong> course will provide<br />
the most current research-based tools for for professionals who<br />
are trying to aid their patients suffering from RAS.<br />
Introduction<br />
One in five people in the Unites States are affected by RAS each<br />
year with the highest prevalence rate seen in higher socioeconomic<br />
classes. Females have a slightly higher rate of occurrence than<br />
males due to the perceived link between progesterone and RAS.<br />
Aphthous ulcers are defined as painful oral lesions that appear<br />
round to oval in shape with a yellowish/gray floor surrounded<br />
by a halo of erythema, the cause of which is unknown. The most<br />
<strong>com</strong>mon locations for RAS outbreaks are oral soft tissues such<br />
as the moveable mucosa, floor of mouth, and tongue, although<br />
these ulcers can occur virtually anywhere in the mouth, including<br />
the palate and even the throat. RAS side effects can be dramatic<br />
and damaging for patients. <strong>Ulcer</strong>s can grow so large as to obstruct<br />
breathing, prevent an individual from chewing, speaking or swallowing<br />
and may bleed spontaneously while in the active state.<br />
They are frequently ac<strong>com</strong>panied by extreme pain that can last<br />
days or weeks. As in the case with major aphthae, once healed,<br />
ulcer sites can even leave permanent scars or indentations in tissues.<br />
RAS <strong>com</strong>monly starts in adolescence or childhood, then<br />
reoccurs in later years. Aphthae <strong>com</strong>monly appear in otherwise<br />
healthy individuals although multiple systemic links are now<br />
being recognized. These systemic links will be discussed in this<br />
article.<br />
Recurrent Aphthous <strong>Ulcer</strong>s<br />
% Cases<br />
Minor<br />
80-90%<br />
Major<br />
10-15%<br />
Site of occurrence Nonkeratinized, moveable mucosa Nonkeratinized mucosa;<br />
some keratinized mucosa<br />
(palate, dorsal tongue)<br />
Color<br />
Red, white<br />
Yellow floor but grays as heals<br />
Erythematous halo<br />
Red, white<br />
Yellow floor but grays as heals<br />
Edematous halo<br />
Raised erythrocyte<br />
Plasma viscosity<br />
Herpetiform<br />
5-10%<br />
Nonkeratinized mucosa, keratinized<br />
mucosa<br />
Begins with vesiculation that passes<br />
rapidly into multiple, coalescing ulcers<br />
Shape Round, oval Round, oval Round, ragged<br />
Size 3-4mm 5mm-1cm 1-2mm (pinhead)<br />
Number of Lesions 1-6 1-6 Coalescing Groups<br />
Generally 10 to 40<br />
Duration 7-14 days 10-40 days 10+ days<br />
Scarring Little to none Yes Not normally<br />
Age 10-40 years 10-40 years Older age groups<br />
Recurrence 2-8 per year Extremely frequently Extreme frequency<br />
<strong>Ulcer</strong>ation may be continuous<br />
Other Common in immunodeficient patients Resemble lesions caused by HSV-1 virus<br />
More <strong>com</strong>mon in females<br />
56 | rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> RDH | March 2013
Appearance/Morphological Types<br />
RAS lesions are categorized by their morphological type. There<br />
are three distinct types; they can either be minor, major, or<br />
herpetiform. 11,27 Each type has certain characteristics, different<br />
effects and durations, and therefore different treatment options.<br />
See Figures 1, 2, 3, 4.<br />
Fig 4. Herpetiform Aphthae<br />
Fig1. Major Aphthae<br />
Pathophysiology<br />
The pathophysiology of aphthous ulcers is unclear and poorly<br />
understood by researchers. No one is quite sure of the origin for<br />
RAS; no microorganism or virus to date has been identified as the<br />
sole cause. RAS is <strong>com</strong>monly thought to have immunological origins<br />
and does not appear to be sexually transmitted or contagious<br />
like herpetic lesions.<br />
‘<br />
Fig 2. Major Aphthae<br />
Fig 3. Major Aphthae<br />
Immunological<br />
While there is no “official” cause of RAS, there are many sound<br />
hypotheses with solid backing in the medical and dental <strong>com</strong>munities.<br />
There has been substantial evidence linking aphthous<br />
ulcers with immunological responses, especially as it relates to T-<br />
lymphocytes, but the precise immunopathogenesis still remains<br />
unclear.<br />
Many studies on recurrent aphthae show altered T and B cell<br />
responses, increased gamma-delta T cells, altered cytokine levels,<br />
and cytotoxic cells. These T-cells may be involved in antibodydependent,<br />
cell-mediated cytotoxicity. 27 Phagocytic and cytotoxic<br />
T cells probably aid in destruction of oral epithelium that is<br />
sustained by local cytokine release. 27<br />
Below is a step-by-step timeline of the immunological<br />
changes that have been seen microscopically with aphthous ulcer<br />
development as reported by Sciubba in 2003. 26<br />
1. Early phase: local lymphocytic infiltrates form within the<br />
submucosa at the site of the future aphthous ulcer.<br />
2. Powerful T-cell-derived cytokines are formed that include<br />
TNF-α, which dominates the immune system dysfunction.<br />
It has been well published that TNF-α exerts a major effect<br />
on endothelial cell adhesion and neutrophil chemotaxis. 21,26<br />
3. <strong>This</strong> results in the formation of tender tissue alterations<br />
characterized by a circular area of erythema with vascular<br />
dilation.<br />
4. The ulcer will form within 24 hours after this reaction.<br />
5. Neutrophil response and increased patient symptoms<br />
continue.<br />
RDH | March 2013 rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> | 57
6. Endothelial cell vascularity changes occur. <strong>This</strong> causes an<br />
up-regulation of adhesion molecule production along the<br />
luminal surface of local blood vessels.<br />
7. The region is affected by leukocyte chemotaxis, which<br />
allows inflammatory responses as well as keratinocyte lysis to<br />
progress.<br />
8. Keratinocyte necrosis occurs. The end result is ulceration<br />
or more specifically, transient superficial pseudomembrane<br />
formation.<br />
9. The healing phase of ulceration shows an influx of CD4+<br />
cells that start to dominate and suppress the CD4+ cytotoxic<br />
and CD8+ lymphocytes. 25<br />
People with RAS can also have raised serum levels of certain<br />
cytokines (interleukin 6/2-R), soluble intercellular adhesion<br />
molecules, vascular cell adhesion molecules, mast cells, macrophages,<br />
and E-selectin. 25,27 Based on a small study done at a dental<br />
school in Brazil, polymorphisms of high IL-1beta and TNF-α<br />
production were associated with an increased risk of RAS development.<br />
Their findings give further support for a genetic basis of<br />
RAS pathogenesis. 15<br />
Genetics<br />
Genetics may play an important role in understanding RAS. A<br />
positive family history is seen in about a third of patients and an<br />
increased frequency of HLA types A2, A11, B12, B51, DR2. 26,27<br />
42% of patients with RAS have a first degree relative with RAS,<br />
90% if both parents are affected, and 20% if neither parent has<br />
RAS. 35 With a positive family history, patients are more likely to<br />
have major aphthae and outbreaks that start at an earlier age. 35<br />
Viral or Bacterial?<br />
Researchers cannot find a specific strain of bacteria or virus to<br />
implicate as being the causative agent in RAS. Cross-reacting<br />
antigens between oral mucosa and microorganisms may be the<br />
initiators but not the sole cause. 10 For many years, because RAS<br />
lesions clinically resemble herpes lesions, it was thought RAS<br />
lesions could be viral related; however, this hypothesis has been<br />
disproven through extensive research. Hypersensitivity to bacterial<br />
antigens such Streptococcus sanguis has also been proposed in<br />
the literature, but again, extensive research has disproven this.<br />
Etiology<br />
What initiates ulcer development remains undefined and unclear.<br />
It could be endogenous, exogenous, or related to nonspecific<br />
factors such as the ones listed below.<br />
1. Stress: Emotional stress can have an effect on a patient’s<br />
overall health and immune system. <strong>This</strong> can alter the body’s<br />
ability to fight infection.<br />
2. Trauma to oral tissues either through in-office or at-home<br />
incidences.<br />
3. Sodium lauryl sulfate: A powerful detergent found in<br />
OTC toothpaste that is a wetting, degreasing, and foaming<br />
agent. 11<br />
4. Food sensitivity: Acidic, salty, spicy food/beverages,<br />
caffeine, tomatoes, various fruits, nuts, wheat products or<br />
chocolate. 1,19 <strong>This</strong> theory has not been widely investigated<br />
as a causative agent of RAS. According to the American<br />
Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM), two frequent food additives<br />
associated with oral ulcers are cinnamon and benzoic<br />
acid (found in foods and soft drinks). A trial food elimination<br />
or reduction is re<strong>com</strong>mended to aid in identifying potential<br />
food allergens or sensitivity; however, this process can be<br />
challenging.<br />
5. Menstruation: RAS may be related to progesterone levels.<br />
Progesterone will decrease during the luteal phase of<br />
the menstrual cycle, thus activating RAS symptoms. 27<br />
Conversely, ulcers will usually regress during pregnancy<br />
when there is a significant rise in progesterone.<br />
6. Drugs such as NSAIDs, beta-blockers, potassium channel<br />
blockers, alendronate, and nicorandil (used to treat angina)<br />
may produce lesions similar to RAS or increase susceptibility.<br />
26,27<br />
7. Infection: Immune system is <strong>com</strong>promised.<br />
8. Vitamin deficiencies: Iron, folate, B1, B2, B6, B12, zinc.<br />
These deficiencies account for about 20% of RAS cases. 27<br />
When a patient tests positive for B-12 deficiency, taking<br />
supplemental B-12 has shown positive results in treating<br />
RAS. There is also published research that shows taking<br />
B-12 supplement, even in persons who are not deficient, can<br />
also help with RAS symptoms. 1,3,6,34<br />
9. Altered thyroid levels<br />
10. Smoking cessation: Well documented as being related<br />
to ulcer outbreaks because of oral mucosal changes. The<br />
nicotine does not appear to protect oral mucosal tissues from<br />
ulceration. The more <strong>com</strong>monly accepted explanation is that<br />
smokers develop mucosal hyperkeratinization, which better<br />
protects the mucosal surface from ulceration. When a patient<br />
ceases smoking and tissues begin to heal, ulceration risk can<br />
increase due to all these mucosal changes. 36<br />
11. Helicobacter pylori: Gram-negative, microaerophilic<br />
bacterium found in the stomach. It was identified in 1982 by<br />
Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, who found that it was<br />
present in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers. 19<br />
It is also linked to stomach cancer and duodenal ulcers. H.<br />
pylori is the major cause of certain diseases of the upper GI<br />
tract.<br />
12. PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis,<br />
cervical adenitis) syndrome: Pediatric periodic disease<br />
characterized by recurrent febrile episodes associated with<br />
head and neck symptoms. 4<br />
15. Hand, foot, mouth disease: Commonly caused by<br />
Coxsackie A or Enterovirus 71. Commonly found in infants<br />
and children under 5 years of age. <strong>This</strong> virus can lead to<br />
ulcer-like lesions in the mouth along with fever and/or<br />
rashes. Mouth ulcers are not RAS-related; the sores just<br />
resemble the appearance of aphthae.<br />
58 | rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> RDH | March 2013
16. Systemic diseases: Based upon literature searches, there are<br />
several systemic disorders that can present with similar clinical<br />
signs and symptoms of RAS; knowledge of each disease<br />
is necessary for the clinician to provide proper management<br />
and treatment of RAS. There is controversy in the literature<br />
on whether oral ulcerations associated with these systemic<br />
conditions are truly RAS or just oral ulcers similar to or<br />
resembling RAS. 1<br />
17. HIV: Patients can develop ulcers on almost all oral<br />
structures, both keratinized and nonkertanized. <strong>Ulcer</strong>s tend<br />
to be more severe, are slower to heal, and more difficult to<br />
treat due to immunity <strong>com</strong>promises. Systemic medications<br />
are used more often to treat RAS than with other patients<br />
who are not HIV positive.<br />
18. Epstein-Barr virus: Human Herpes Virus 4 (HHV-4).<br />
There is evidence that infection with the virus is associated<br />
with a higher risk of certain autoimmune diseases. EBV infects<br />
B cells and epithelial cells. Once the virus’s initial lytic<br />
infection is brought under control, EBV latently persists in<br />
the patient’s B cells for the rest of their lives.<br />
19. Neutropenia: Defined as lower than normal numbers of<br />
neutrophils. Patients are more susceptible to bacterial infections<br />
and, without prompt medical attention, the condition<br />
may be<strong>com</strong>e life-threatening.<br />
20. Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet’s syndrome):<br />
A skin disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever,<br />
leukocytosis, and tender, erythematous, well-demarcated<br />
papules and plaques. It is often associated with hematologic<br />
diseases such as leukemia and immunologic diseases such as<br />
rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease.<br />
21. Behcet’s disease: <strong>This</strong> is a rare immune-mediated systemic<br />
vasculitis that has a triple-symptom <strong>com</strong>plex of RAS,<br />
genital ulcers, and uveitis. <strong>This</strong> syndrome can be fatal due to<br />
ruptured vascular aneurysms or severe neurological <strong>com</strong>plications.<br />
Aphthae tend to be the major type and patients will<br />
experience frequent episodes and longer healing durations. 27<br />
There was a ground-breaking study done in 2003 by Jorizzo<br />
et al. 18 on the association between Behcet’s and RAS. They<br />
reported the vast majority of patients (90.7%) with RAS<br />
do not have, nor will they develop Behcet’s. 1 <strong>This</strong> leaves<br />
only a 10% chance that patients with Behcet’s disease will<br />
conjointly be inflicted with RAS.<br />
22. Reiter’s syndrome: A type of reactive arthritis, meaning that<br />
it happens as a reaction to a bacterial infection in the body.<br />
The infection usually occurs in the intestines, genitals, or<br />
urinary tract. <strong>This</strong> disorder has been associated with oral<br />
ulcers in some studies. 19<br />
23. Gastrointestinal disorders: Account for only 3% of RAS<br />
10, 25, 26<br />
cases.<br />
24. Crohn’s disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease.<br />
It usually infects the intestines but can cause issues in<br />
the mouth as well. Many people with this condition have<br />
troubles with their immune system.<br />
25. Celiac: The connection between celiac and RAS has been<br />
extensively studied in the literature. <strong>Ulcer</strong>s are sometimes<br />
the initial sign of celiac disease and more often of the minor<br />
type. 1, 17, 22, 23 Research has suggested that ulcers associated<br />
with celiac will respond to a gluten-free diet, but if the<br />
infection is classic RAS, then a gluten-free diet may make<br />
no difference. 1 However, there are other studies showing a<br />
gluten-free diet may help RAS sufferers, even those without<br />
celiac.<br />
26. Pernicious anemia: Characterized by a decrease in red blood<br />
cells that occurs when intestines cannot properly absorb<br />
vitamin B12. As previously stated, B12 deficiencies could<br />
contribute to RAS.<br />
27. Dermatitis herpetiformis: Characterized by a chronic,<br />
water-filled, blistering skin condition. Despite its name, DH<br />
is not related to or caused by the herpes virus; the lesions just<br />
share a similar appearance to herpes lesions.<br />
Diagnosis<br />
There are no specific tests to aid in the diagnosis of RAS. Diagnosis<br />
is usually made from clinical features and medical history;<br />
biopsy is almost never necessary. Laboratory investigation is<br />
indicated when a patient has multiple major RAS outbreaks that<br />
cannot be controlled or worsen after the age of 25. 27 Lab tests<br />
may include <strong>com</strong>plete blood cell count, hematological testing to<br />
evaluate for vitamin deficiencies, anti-nuclear antibody titer to<br />
screen for systemic illnesses, or thyroid screening blood work.<br />
Differential Diagnosis<br />
Oral conditions that may resemble RAS and be included in a differential<br />
diagnosis include but are not limited to: herpes lesions,<br />
lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, mucous membrane pemphigoid,<br />
ulcers secondary to neutropenia, hand, foot, mouth disease,<br />
syphilis, tuberculosis lesions, or traumatic lesions. It is imperative<br />
that oral health providers learn the clinical presentations of<br />
these lesions to increase their ability in correctly identifying and<br />
accurately treating RAS.<br />
Treatment<br />
<strong>Ulcer</strong>s will heal spontaneously but the patient may have moderate<br />
to severe pain along its course. The magnitude of published studies<br />
on treatment options for RAS is diverse and staggering. <strong>This</strong><br />
author could not find research that was categorized as systematic<br />
reviews of randomized controlled clinical trials in her searches,<br />
thus making clinical decision-making that much harder for the<br />
professional. Until the etiology of RAS is known, treatment options<br />
will remain palliative in nature and only partially effective.<br />
The primary goals for RAS therapy are to relieve pain and reduce<br />
ulcer duration and reoccurrence.<br />
Most clinical trials and publications focus on local and topical<br />
treatments rather than systemic as the first line of defense for true<br />
RAS. Systemic treatments can carry greater risks to the patient<br />
RDH | March 2013 rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> | 59
and should only be explored if local/topical options have been<br />
exhausted in an otherwise healthy individual.<br />
Intensity of treatment will depend on the severity of the case.<br />
The AAOM re<strong>com</strong>mends topical prescription drugs, topical anesthetics,<br />
antihistamines, antimicrobials, and anti-inflammatory<br />
agents. All these drugs will reduce pain and duration but not<br />
always severity or reoccurrence rates.<br />
Topical Corticosteroids<br />
Topical corticosteroids will aid in immediate pain relief but need<br />
to be reapplied frequently throughout the day as their effectiveness<br />
wears off. The side effects of steroids are a concern to doctors<br />
due to the potential adrenal changes that can be seen systemically.<br />
There are two medications on the market that are at lower risk<br />
for adrenal suppression: hydrocortisone hemisuccinate and<br />
triamcinolone. Other popular choices are dexamethasone elixir<br />
(0.5mg per 5mL) or betamethasone sodium phosphate which is<br />
dissolved in water to make a mouth rinse. Betamethasone, fluocinonide,<br />
fluocinolone, fluticasone, and clobetasol are effective in<br />
RAS pain relief but do carry risks for adrenal suppression and a<br />
predisposition to candidiasis.<br />
Antibacterial<br />
Low-dose antibacterial agents in gels and/or rinses also will<br />
reduce RAS pain and possible duration. The current believed<br />
mechanism of action is in the ability of these medications to locally<br />
inhibit collagenases or in their immunomodulatory effects. 1<br />
Side effects can include a predisposition to candidiasis and host<br />
bacterial resistance.<br />
Tetracycline derivatives are not to be used in children younger<br />
than 12 years of age for fear of tooth staining. Tetracycline<br />
(500mg) plus nicotinamide (500mg) or tetracycline suspension<br />
(250mg per 5mL) are prescribed quite often. 19,27 Doxycycline<br />
capsules (100mg in 10mL water) have proven very effective,<br />
especially as a topical gel. 1,24,28 Minocycline (100mg) tablets<br />
dissolved in 180mL water (McBride) is also a popular choice<br />
because it is safe and effective, sometimes more than tetracycline<br />
alone. 1,12,13<br />
Outside the tetracycline family, topical penicillin G potassium<br />
troches, applied 4x/day for four days are also used by some<br />
medical and dental professionals. 11<br />
Anti-Inflammatory/NonSteroidal<br />
Clinicians wishing to avoid steroids, or if their patients have<br />
a contraindication for steroid use in their medical history, may<br />
utilize anti-inflammatory agents. Some of these medications are<br />
taken systemically and have proven extremely effective in the<br />
management of RAS pain and symptoms.<br />
Amlexanox 5% is a popular choice in this category. It is a<br />
topical paste applied 4x/day directly to an ulcer. According to<br />
multiple publications, this seems to be one of the most effective<br />
treatments for RAS. It is the only medicine that has a triple action<br />
in the form of preventing reoccurrences, decreasing healing time,<br />
and accelerating pain resolution. 19 In a <strong>com</strong>prehensive review of<br />
the literature published by Baccaglini et al. in 2011, it was shown<br />
this medication reduced the median healing time by 1.6 days and<br />
median time for <strong>com</strong>plete pain relief by 1.3 days. 1 Neither result<br />
was considered clinically significant; however, a decrease in time<br />
of pain and healing would be significant for a patient, especially if<br />
the ulcers were preventing someone from eating, drinking, sleeping<br />
or speaking! 11 Amlexanox is particularly effective if started<br />
in the prodromal phase of ulcer outbreak. 1 The exact mechanism<br />
of action is not <strong>com</strong>pletely known but is believed to have<br />
anti-inflammatory effects. Other choices in this category are 2%<br />
viscous lidocaine, zinc lozenges, or benzydamine hydrochloride<br />
mouth rinse.<br />
Systemic medications should not be the first line of treatment<br />
options for patients with RAS due to the risk of adverse side effects.<br />
Systemic medications should be considered only in severe<br />
cases of RAS where topical treatments have not proven effective.<br />
A doctor may also want to consider testing for other systemic<br />
disorders before opting to treat RAS with systemic medications. 29<br />
Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a systemic medication that is a methylxanthine<br />
<strong>com</strong>pound. It is used to treat peripheral vascular diseases<br />
by enhancing blood flow, increasing neutrophil chemotaxis<br />
and motility, and decreasing production of cytokines, thereby<br />
decreasing the effects of cytokines on leukocytes. There is some<br />
research suggesting this drug may aid in the prevention of aphthous<br />
ulcer formation. 29<br />
Colchicine is another systemic medication in the antiinflammatory<br />
family. Its mechanism of action is limiting leukocyte<br />
activity by binding to tubulin, which then inhibits protein<br />
polymerization. <strong>This</strong> drug inhibits lysosomal degranulation and<br />
increases the level of cyclic AMP, which decreases both the chemotactic<br />
and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Colchicine<br />
inhibits cell-mediated immune response, which is why it can be<br />
useful in treating RAS. It is most <strong>com</strong>monly used in the treatment<br />
of arthritis, psoriasis, and dermatitis herpetiform. However,<br />
this drug carries heavy side effects including teratogenicity,<br />
gastrointestinal issues, and myopathy. 29<br />
Antimicrobial<br />
Chlorhexidine gluconate is a good choice for reducing the bacteria<br />
counts in the mouth. Practitioners need to be sure to specify<br />
the mouth rinse needs to be water-based instead of alcohol-based<br />
for fear of further irritating already tender, swollen tissues.<br />
Systemic Immune Modulators<br />
Thalidomide (50-100mg) is a systemic medication with mixed<br />
and few research studies. It has multiple adverse side effects<br />
such as teratogenicity or neuropathy of the hands and feet.<br />
<strong>This</strong> medication is usually a “last resort” prescription for RAS<br />
treatment. It is more <strong>com</strong>monly used in HIV-positive patients<br />
when other local/topical forms of treatment have failed. It suppresses<br />
monocytic synthesis of TNF-α and accelerates TNF-α<br />
messenger ribonucleic acid transcript degradation. 19 <strong>This</strong> drug<br />
60 | rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> RDH | March 2013
has anti-inflammatory characteristics as well as anti-angiogenic<br />
properties.<br />
The American Academy of Oral Medicine provides additional<br />
information on its website (www.aaom.<strong>com</strong>/patients/<br />
treatment-of-canker-sores).<br />
Nonprescription Options/OTC<br />
Vitamin supplements of A, B, C, or lysine have helped some<br />
suffering with chronic RAS although, to date, there is no specific<br />
scientific evidence to support or refute this. 19 Many doctors will<br />
re<strong>com</strong>mend vitamin supplements as a good starting point for ulcer<br />
control or if hematinic deficiencies have been proven through<br />
testing.<br />
Herbal supplements are much the same as vitamin supplements.<br />
One will not find any randomized controlled clinical trials<br />
(McBride) to support this as a definitive treatment option, but<br />
many chronic RAS patients have found some help through herbs,<br />
so it is worth reporting. Echinacea can help activate the body’s<br />
immune system and increase chances of fighting off infection.<br />
Sage and chamomile mouth rinses (mixed with water or tea bags)<br />
used 4-6x/day can help alleviate symptoms. Carrot, celery, or<br />
cantaloupe juice mixed with water can also be helpful <strong>com</strong>plementary<br />
agents.<br />
According to the AAOM, cleansing agents can help decrease<br />
the number of bacteria on the ulcer surface and can help with<br />
healing and pain. Most agents can be found at local grocery stores<br />
or pharmacies. Any product that releases oxygen can be used as<br />
a cleansing agent because the foaming of the oxygen exerts a mechanical<br />
action that loosens debris and cleanses wounds.<br />
OTC anesthetics can provide palliative relief, with most<br />
<strong>com</strong>mon agents containing either benzocaine (5-20%), lidocaine,<br />
benzoin, benzoin tincture, or camphor.<br />
In-Office Laser Treatments<br />
With the development and more frequent use of lasers by the<br />
general dental practitioner, some RAS patients are finding new<br />
help when it <strong>com</strong>es to management of ulcer outbreaks and pain<br />
relief. There are many different dental lasers on the market for<br />
use in a dental office and almost all of them <strong>com</strong>e with clinical trials<br />
on biostimulation of tissues and/or aphthae. Biostimulation is<br />
a process whereby tissues are stimulated, as opposed to cut, with<br />
photon energy from a specific laser wavelength. 7 When biostimulating<br />
tissue, the laser energy is well below the surgical threshold<br />
and takes only one to two minutes to treat. The patient will feel<br />
immediate pain relief and the ulcer and the ulcer will usually<br />
<strong>com</strong>pletely heal within one to four days. 9 Biostimulation with<br />
laser energy will increase collagen growth and osteoblastic and<br />
fibroblastic activity in tissues, thereby accelerating healing. 8,23,31<br />
Biostimulation for the purpose of ulcer irradiation is a technique<br />
used by many practicing dentists because it provides instantaneous<br />
pain relief, rapid wound healing, and anti-inflammatory<br />
effects in their patients. Some laser <strong>com</strong>panies claim that if a<br />
laser is used to treat an aphthous ulcer one time, another ulcer<br />
will never appear in that same area again because of the cellular<br />
changes the laser energy induced. However, this is still considered<br />
a theory and not a proven, repeatable result on patients.<br />
When biostimulating with a laser, the clinician does not touch<br />
the tissue with the laser fiber; instead the fiber is held a couple<br />
millimeters away from the lesion and the laser energy is directed<br />
at the ulcerative tissue.<br />
Chemical Cauterizers<br />
Chemical cauterizers are very effective but can have side effects.<br />
They are semiviscous liquids applied directly to an ulcer. Researchers<br />
have noted that these products can cause destruction<br />
of local nerve endings and their use should be limited to professional<br />
application only. Other side effects noted in the literature<br />
are argyria, mucocutaneous reactions, or permanent tattooing of<br />
the mucosa. 11<br />
Dental Considerations<br />
Be cognizant of procedures that could traumatize or injure tissues<br />
such as injections, taking X-rays, routine prophylaxis, scaling and<br />
root planing, crowns, any surgical procedure, etc. Removable<br />
appliances such as ill-fitting mouth guards, partials, dentures,<br />
retainers, or snore guards can injure or lacerate tissues.<br />
Reminders for Dental Professionals<br />
1. RAS lesions are not thought to be contagious.<br />
2. The exact cause is not known.<br />
3. <strong>Ulcer</strong>s can be controlled but there is no known cure.<br />
4. The long-term consequences are unknown.<br />
5. Children may inherit RAS from their parents.<br />
6. Have patients make small changes to daily routines when RAS<br />
is first reported, such as eliminating sodium lauryl sulfate<br />
toothpastes. 10,25 Maybe try diet modification, eliminating certain<br />
foods/drinks that are known to contribute to RAS. Patients, for<br />
example, can keep track of offensive foods through a diary. Suggest<br />
a multivitamin, educate them on minimizing oral trauma<br />
(foods that can cause tissue laceration such as tortilla chips),<br />
make sure oral appliances are fitting well and do not need<br />
adjustments, and try to stop oral habits such biting cheeks, lips,<br />
etc. Stress reduction techniques can also be considered.<br />
7. Patients should have good oral hygiene; chlorhexidine gluconate<br />
or sodium bicarbonate rinses may be useful.<br />
8. Attain the ability to differentiate between RAS and other oral<br />
lesions so appropriate diagnosis can be made.<br />
9. Gluten-free diets have shown success in some trials in reducing<br />
reoccurrence rates of RAS even in the absence of celiac disease<br />
10. Inform patients that RAS can be controlled but not necessarily<br />
eliminated or cured. Tell patients that you will try your best to<br />
help them eliminate future outbreaks. Be sure to set realistic<br />
goals with patients from the get-go.<br />
Patient Education<br />
Many patients do not understand what ulcers are, what causes<br />
them, or how to alleviate symptoms. Most think all ulcers are<br />
herpes related. Patient education is the key to proper control and<br />
maintenance of RAS. Try asking patients your leading questions<br />
to get to the root of the problem. For example:<br />
RDH | March 2013 rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> | 61
• Has anyone else in your family had troubles with mouth<br />
ulcers?<br />
• Do you take a multivitamin?<br />
• When was the last time you saw your physician for a checkup?<br />
• Could you have thyroid issues or a systemic problem your<br />
primary care physician is not aware of?<br />
• Do you have any GI issues?<br />
• Tell me about your stress levels.<br />
• Have you had changes to your lifestyle recently?<br />
After this Q&A or failed treatment attempts, you may find<br />
the need to refer the patient to a medical doctor or oral surgeon for<br />
further testing. Remember, RAS may be the first sign of a more<br />
serious systemic problem.<br />
Conclusion<br />
RAS still remains a mystery to most researchers in regards to its<br />
pathophysiology, etiology, and microbiology. Treatment options<br />
are mainly palliative in nature unless a more serious systemic<br />
condition is co-occurring. In cases of non-resolving RAS, a referral<br />
to a medical doctor is indicated, since RAS could be the first<br />
sign of a more serious health condition. By presenting the most<br />
current research-based conclusions; the reader now possesses the<br />
correct tools, education, and confidence to start helping patients<br />
suffering from this disorder.<br />
References<br />
1. Baccaglini L, Lalla RV, Bruce AJ, Sartori-Valinotti JC, Latortue MC,<br />
Carrozzo M, Rogers RS 3rd. Urban Legends: Recurrent Aphthous<br />
Stomatitis. Oral Dis. Nov 2011; 17(8):755-70.<br />
2. Barrons RW. Treatment Strategies for Recurrent Oral Aphthous <strong>Ulcer</strong>s.<br />
Am J Health System Pharmacy. 2001;58(1):41-53.<br />
3. Biedowa J, Knychalska-Karwan Z. Submucous injections of vitamin<br />
B12 and hydrocortisone in cases of recurrent aphthae. Czasopismo<br />
stomatologiczne. 1983; 36:565–67.<br />
4. Berlucchi M, Nicolai P. Marshall’s Syndrome or PFAPA (periodic<br />
fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, cervical adenitis) Syndrome.<br />
January 2004. https://www.orpha.net/data/patho/GB/uk-PFAPA.<br />
pdf. Accessed Nov 2012.<br />
5. Brocklehurst P, Tickle M, Glenny AM, Lewis MA, Pemberton MN,<br />
Taylor J, Walsh T, Riley P, Yates JM. Systemic interventions for recurrent<br />
aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Sept<br />
2012; 12:6:CD005411.<br />
6. Carrozzo M. Vitamin B12 for the treatment of recurrent aphthous<br />
stomatitis. Evid Based Dent. 2009; 10:114–15.<br />
7. Cobb C. Lasers in Periodontics: A Review of the Literature. Periodontol.<br />
Apr 2006; 77(4):544-564.<br />
8. Coluzzi D. Fundamentals of Lasers in Dentistry: Basic Science, Tissue<br />
Interaction and Instrumentation. J Laser Dent, Compendium of Laser<br />
Dentistry. 2008; 16(Spec Issue):4-10.<br />
9. De Souza TO, Martins MA, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KP, Tanji EY,<br />
Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Martins MD. Clinical Evaluation of Low-Level<br />
Laser Treatment for Recurring Aphthous Stomatitis. Photomed Laser<br />
Surg. Oct 2010; 28(Suppl 2):S85-8.<br />
10. Felix D, Luker J, Scully C. Oral Medicine: 1. <strong>Ulcer</strong>s: Aphthous and<br />
Other Common <strong>Ulcer</strong>s. Dental Update. Sept 2012; 39(7):512-520.<br />
11. Fernandes R, Tuckey T, Lam P. The best treatment for aphthous ulcers.<br />
Available at www.utoronto.ca/dentistry/newsresources/evidence_<br />
based/apthousulcers.pdf. Accessed June 2006.<br />
12. Gorsky M, Epstein J, Rabenstein S, Elishoov H, Yarom N. Topical<br />
minocycline and tetracycline rinses in treatment of recurrent aphthous<br />
stomatitis: a randomized cross-over study. Dermatology online journal.<br />
2007; 13:1.<br />
13. Gorsky M, Epstein J, Raviv A, Yaniv R, Truelove E. Topical minocycline<br />
for managing symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Spec Care<br />
Dentist. 2008; 28:27-31.<br />
14. Gregg R., McCarthy D. Eight Year Retrospective Review of Laser<br />
Periodontal Therapy in Private Practice. Dentistry Today. Feb. 2003;<br />
22(2):1-4.<br />
15. Guimarães AL, Correia-Silva Jde F, Sá AR, Victória JM, Diniz<br />
MG, Costa Fde O, Gomez RS. Investigation of functional gene<br />
polymorphisms IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in individuals with<br />
recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Arch Oral Biol. Mar 2007; 52(3):268-72.<br />
16. Ibsen OAC, Phelan J. Oral pathology for the dental hygienist. 3rd<br />
edition. Philadelphia:Saunders, 2000; P113-114.<br />
17. Jokinen J, Peters U, Maki M, Miettinen A, Collin P. Celiac sprue in<br />
patients with chronic oral mucosal symptoms. Journal of Clinical<br />
Gastroenterology. 1998; 26:23–26.<br />
18. Jorizzo JL, Taylor RS, Schmalstieg FC, Solomon AR, Jr, Daniels JC,<br />
Rudloff HE, Cavallo T. Complex aphthosis: a forme fruste of Behcet’s<br />
syndrome? Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985;<br />
13:80–84.<br />
19. McBride D. Management of aphthous ulcers. Am Family Physician.<br />
July 1,2000; Available at www.aafp.org/afp/20000701/149.html.<br />
Accessed June 2007.<br />
20. Messadi DV, Younai F. Aphthous ulcers. Dermatol Ther. May-June<br />
2010; 23(3):281-90.<br />
21. Natah SS, Hayrinen-Immonen R, Hietanen J, Malmstrom M,<br />
Konttinen YT. Immunolocalization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha<br />
expressing cells in recurrent aphthous ulcer lesions. J Oral Pathol Med.<br />
2000; 29:19-25.<br />
22. Olszewska M, Sulej J, Kotowski B. Frequency and prognostic value of<br />
IgA and IgG endomysial antibodies in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.<br />
Acta dermato-venereologica. 2006; 86:332–334.<br />
23. Pereira AN, Eduardo Cde P, Matson E, Marques MM. Effect of lowpower<br />
laser irradiation on cell growth and procollagen synthesis of<br />
cultured fibroblasts. Lasers Surg Med. 2002; 31(4):263-7.<br />
24. Preshaw PM, Grainger P, Bradshaw MH, Mohammad AR, Powala<br />
CV, Nolan A. Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline in the treatment of<br />
recurrent oral aphthous ulceration: a pilot study. J Oral Pathol Med.<br />
2007; 36:236–240.<br />
25. Sciubba J. Oral Mucosal Diseases in the Office Setting. Gen Dent. July/<br />
Aug 2007; 55(4):346-54.<br />
26. Sciubba J. Herpes Simplex and Aphthous <strong>Ulcer</strong>ations: Presentation,<br />
Diagnosis, and Management – An Update. Gent Dent. Nov-Dec 2003;<br />
51(6): 509-16.<br />
27. Scully C. Aphthous <strong>Ulcer</strong>s. Emedicaine from WebMD. Oct 28,2005.<br />
Available at www.emedicine.<strong>com</strong>/ent/topic700.htm. Accessed June<br />
2006.<br />
28. Skulason S, Holbrook WP, Kristmundsdottir T. Clinical assessment of<br />
the effect of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor on aphthous ulcers.<br />
Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2009; 67:25–29.<br />
29. Stoopler E, Sollectio T. Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. NYSDJ. Feb<br />
2003; 69(2): 26-29.<br />
30. Tezel A, Kara C, Balkaya V, Orbak R. An evaluation of different<br />
treatments for recurrent aphthous stomatitis and patient perceptions:<br />
Nd:YAG laser versus medication. Photomedicine and laser surgery.<br />
2009; 27:101–106.<br />
31. Todea C. Laser Applications in Conservative Dentistry. www.tmj.ro/<br />
pdf/2004_number_4_7623644694124490.pdf. Accessed Nov 28,2012.<br />
32. Van A. The Diode in Treating <strong>Ulcer</strong>ative Oral Lesions. Dent Today. Dec<br />
2011; 30(12):112.<br />
33. Veloso FT, Saleiro JV. Small-bowel changes in recurrent ulceration of<br />
the mouth. Hepato-gastroenterology. 1987; 34:36–37.<br />
34. Volkov I, Rudoy I, Abu-Rabia U, Masalha T, Masalha R. Case report:<br />
62 | rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> RDH | March 2013
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis responds to vitamin B12 treatment.<br />
Canadian family physician. 2005; 51:844–845.<br />
35. Wardhana, Datau EA. Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis caused by Food<br />
Allergy. Acta Med Indones. Oct 2010; 42(4):236-40.<br />
36. Winn D. tobacco Use and Oral Disease. Journal of Dental Education.<br />
April 2001. 65(4): 306-312.<br />
Author Profile<br />
Lisa Dowst-Mayo received her Bachelorette degree<br />
in dental hygiene from Baylor College of Dentistry<br />
in 2002. She has been active member in the tripartite<br />
of the America/Texas/Dallas & San Antonio dental<br />
hygiene associations since graduation and has held<br />
numerous leadership positions both at the state and<br />
local levels. She has worked as a full time clinical dental<br />
hygienist for the past 10 years and is currently employed at Dominion<br />
Dental Spa, the office of Dr. Tiffini Stratton, DDS. She is a published<br />
author and national lecturer; you can contact her through her website at<br />
lisamayordh.<strong>com</strong>.<br />
Disclaimer<br />
<strong>This</strong> author has no affiliations with any <strong>com</strong>pany who would have a gained interest<br />
in the material published in this course. There was no corporate sponsor in the<br />
making of this course and the author is not employed by a <strong>com</strong>pany that would<br />
stand to profit off the publication of this course. All the research is presented in<br />
an unbiased manner.<br />
Reader Feedback<br />
We encourage your <strong>com</strong>ments on this or any PennWell course. For your convenience,<br />
an online feedback form is available at www.ineedce.<strong>com</strong>.<br />
Notes<br />
RDH | March 2013 rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> | 63
Online Completion<br />
Use this page to review the questions and answers. Return to www.ineedce.<strong>com</strong> and sign in. If you have not previously purchased the program select it from the “Online Courses” listing and <strong>com</strong>plete the online purchase.<br />
Once purchased the exam will be added to your Archives page where a Take Exam link will be provided. Click on the “Take Exam” link, <strong>com</strong>plete all the program questions and submit your answers. An immediate grade<br />
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returning to the site, sign in and return to your Archives Page.<br />
1. Which lesions can cause scarring in the site<br />
of infection?<br />
a. Minor<br />
b. Major<br />
c. Herpetiform<br />
2. RAS lesions occur more frequently in:<br />
a. Lower socioeconomic classes<br />
b. Higher socioeconomic classes<br />
c. Males<br />
d. Females<br />
e. Both B & D<br />
3. In the immunological theories of RAS<br />
formation, which structures are most often<br />
associated with RAS formation?<br />
a. Altered T and B cells responses<br />
b. Increased gamma-delta T cells<br />
c. Macrophages and mast cells<br />
d. TNF-α<br />
e. All of the above<br />
4. In the etiology of RAS, menstruation has<br />
been linked as a positive causative agent<br />
when:<br />
a. Progesterone levels decrease<br />
b. Progesterone levels increase<br />
c. Estrogen levels decrease<br />
d. Estrogen levels increase<br />
5. According to the reported literature findings,<br />
systemic medications for the treatment<br />
of RAS:<br />
a. Should be used as the first line of treatment<br />
b. Should be used when topical medications have proven<br />
ineffective<br />
c. Have no teratogenic effects<br />
6. Systemic conditions related to RAS include:<br />
a. Celiac<br />
b. Cystic fibrosis<br />
c. HIV<br />
d. Both A & C<br />
Questions<br />
8. Vitamin deficiencies associated with RAS<br />
include,<br />
a. B12<br />
b. Folate<br />
c. Iron<br />
d. All of the above<br />
e. None of the above<br />
9. Differential diagnosis of RAS could also<br />
include,<br />
a. Pemphigus<br />
b. Gonorrhea<br />
c. Lichen planus<br />
d. Herpes lesion<br />
e. A,C & D<br />
f. All of the above<br />
10. Goals of RAS therapy are to:<br />
a. Relieve pain<br />
b. Decrease ulcer duration<br />
c. Cure RAS<br />
d. A & B<br />
11. Antibacterial agents used to treat RAS<br />
could include which of the following?<br />
a. Tetracycline and erythromycin<br />
b. Minocycline and penicillin G<br />
c. Tetracycline and clindamycin<br />
12. Chlorhexidine gluconate should be:<br />
a. Water-based for treatment of RAS<br />
b. Alcohol-based for treatment of RAS<br />
c. Not used at all in the treatment of RAS<br />
13. When using a dental laser in the treatment<br />
of ulcerative lesions associated with RAS<br />
through biostimulation, the operator<br />
should:<br />
a. Touch the ulcer with the laser fiber so as to cut the lesion<br />
b. Hold the laser fiber a few millimeters away from the<br />
lesion<br />
c. Tell the patient laser treatment will <strong>com</strong>pletely prevent<br />
another ulcer from ever forming in that treatment area<br />
again<br />
15. Topical medications used to treat RAS can<br />
include,<br />
a. Amlexanox<br />
b. Triamcinolone<br />
c. Lidocaine<br />
d. Hydrocortisone<br />
e. All of the above<br />
16. Which of the following herbal supplements<br />
has been proposed to help alleviate<br />
symptoms of RAS?<br />
a. Lavender<br />
b. Echinacea<br />
c. Ginger<br />
d. Jasmine<br />
17. The most <strong>com</strong>mon type of RAS ulcer is:<br />
a. Minor<br />
b. Major<br />
c. Herpetiform<br />
18. Which type of ulcer could take up to six<br />
weeks to heal?<br />
a. Minor<br />
b. Major<br />
c. Herpetiform<br />
19. The morphological shape of RAS ulcers<br />
can be:<br />
a. Round<br />
b. Oval<br />
c. Coalescing<br />
d. All the above<br />
20. Which is true in the dental considerations<br />
of RAS?<br />
a. RAS lesions are thought to be contagious<br />
b. RAS lesions are not <strong>com</strong>mon and professionals will<br />
rarely see them in private practice<br />
c. RAS lesions can be caused by trauma during dental<br />
procedures such as a prophylaxis or scaling and root<br />
planing<br />
7. Which is true of the relationship between<br />
RAS and Behcet’s disease?<br />
a. 90% of patients with Behcet’s also suffer from RAS<br />
b. Aphthae tend to be characterized as major type<br />
c. Diagnosis of RAS increases the likelihood a patient has<br />
Behcet’s disease<br />
14. In the general clinical appearance of RAS<br />
ulcers, they are surrounded by a ______<br />
halo.<br />
a. Red<br />
b. White<br />
c. Yellow<br />
21. ___% of Amlexanox is useful in treating<br />
RAS topically:<br />
a. 5%<br />
b. 10%<br />
c. 15%<br />
d. 50%<br />
64 | rdhmag.<strong>com</strong> RDH | March 2013
ANSWER SHEET<br />
OUCH, THIS ULCER HURTS!<br />
Name: Title: Specialty:<br />
Address:<br />
E-mail:<br />
City: State: ZIP: Country:<br />
Telephone: Home ( ) Office ( ) Lic. Renewal Date:<br />
Requirements for successful <strong>com</strong>pletion of the course and to obtain dental continuing education credits: 1) Read the entire course. 2) Complete all<br />
information above. 3) Complete answer sheets in either pen or pencil. 4) Mark only one answer for each question. 5) A score of 70% on this test will earn<br />
you 1 CE credits. 6) Complete the Course Evaluation below. 7) Make check payable to PennWell Corp. For Questions Call 216.398.7822<br />
Educational Objectives<br />
1. Proficiently identify clinical traits and differentiate between the three identified morphological types of recurrent<br />
aphthous stomatitis.<br />
2. Understand the pathophysiology, etiology, and microbiology of aphthous ulcers.<br />
3. Be educated on the most current research-based treatment options for patients.<br />
4. Possess useful tools to use in the dental office for the treatment and management of RAS.<br />
Course Evaluation<br />
1. Were the individual course objectives met? Objective #1: Yes No Objective #3: Yes No<br />
Objective #2: Yes No Objective #4: Yes No<br />
Please evaluate this course by responding to the following statements, using a scale of Excellent = 5 to Poor = 0.<br />
2. To what extent were the course objectives ac<strong>com</strong>plished overall? 5 4 3 2 1 0<br />
3. Please rate your personal mastery of the course objectives. 5 4 3 2 1 0<br />
4. How would you rate the objectives and educational methods? 5 4 3 2 1 0<br />
5. How do you rate the author’s grasp of the topic? 5 4 3 2 1 0<br />
If not taking online, mail <strong>com</strong>pleted answer sheet to<br />
Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology,<br />
A Division of PennWell Corp.<br />
P.O. Box 116, Chesterland, OH 44026<br />
or fax to: (440) 845-3447<br />
For immediate results,<br />
go to www.ineedce.<strong>com</strong> to take tests online.<br />
Answer sheets can be faxed with credit card payment to<br />
(440) 845-3447, (216) 398-7922, or (216) 255-6619.<br />
Payment of $20.00 is enclosed.<br />
(Checks and credit cards are accepted.)<br />
If paying by credit card, please <strong>com</strong>plete the<br />
following: MC Visa AmEx Discover<br />
Acct. Number: ______________________________<br />
Exp. Date: _____________________<br />
Charges on your statement will show up as PennWell<br />
6. Please rate the instructor’s effectiveness. 5 4 3 2 1 0<br />
7. Was the overall administration of the course effective? 5 4 3 2 1 0<br />
8. Please rate the usefulness and clinical applicability of this course. 5 4 3 2 1 0<br />
9. Please rate the usefulness of the supplemental webliography. 5 4 3 2 1 0<br />
10. Do you feel that the references were adequate? Yes No<br />
11. Would you participate in a similar program on a different topic? Yes No<br />
12. If any of the continuing education questions were unclear or ambiguous, please list them.<br />
___________________________________________________________________<br />
13. Was there any subject matter you found confusing? Please describe.<br />
___________________________________________________________________<br />
___________________________________________________________________<br />
14. How long did it take you to <strong>com</strong>plete this course?<br />
___________________________________________________________________<br />
___________________________________________________________________<br />
15. What additional continuing dental education topics would you like to see?<br />
___________________________________________________________________<br />
___________________________________________________________________<br />
AGD Code 734<br />
PLEASE PHOTOCOPY ANSWER SHEET FOR ADDITIONAL PARTICIPANTS.<br />
COURSE EVALUATION and PARTICIPANT FEEDBACK<br />
We encourage participant feedback pertaining to all courses. Please be sure to <strong>com</strong>plete the survey included<br />
with the course. Please e-mail all questions to: hhodges@pennwell.<strong>com</strong>.<br />
INSTRUCTIONS<br />
All questions should have only one answer. Grading of this examination is done manually. Participants will<br />
receive confirmation of passing by receipt of a verification form. Verification of Participation forms will be<br />
mailed within two weeks after taking an examination.<br />
COURSE CREDITS/COST<br />
All participants scoring at least 70% on the examination will receive a verification form verifying 1 CE<br />
credits. The formal continuing education program of this sponsor is accepted by the AGD for Fellowship/<br />
Mastership credit. Please contact PennWell for current term of acceptance. Participants are urged to contact<br />
their state dental boards for continuing education requirements. PennWell is a California Provider. The<br />
California Provider number is 4527. The cost for courses ranges from $20.00 to $110.00.<br />
Provider Information<br />
PennWell is an ADA CERP Recognized Provider. ADA CERP is a service of the American Dental Association<br />
to assist dental professionals in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education. ADA CERP<br />
does not approve or endorse individual courses or instructors, nor does it imply acceptance of credit hours<br />
by boards of dentistry.<br />
Concerns or <strong>com</strong>plaints about a CE Provider may be directed to the provider or to ADA CERP at www.ada.<br />
org/cotocerp/.<br />
The PennWell Corporation is designated as an Approved PACE Program Provider<br />
by the Academy of General Dentistry. The formal continuing dental education<br />
programs of this program provider are accepted by the AGD for Fellowship,<br />
Mastership and membership maintenance credit. Approval does not imply<br />
acceptance by a state or provincial board of dentistry or AGD endorsement. The<br />
current term of approval extends from (11/1/2011) to (10/31/2015) Provider<br />
ID# 320452.<br />
Customer Service 216.398.7822<br />
RECORD KEEPING<br />
PennWell maintains records of your successful <strong>com</strong>pletion of any exam for a minimum of six years. Please<br />
contact our offices for a copy of your continuing education credits report. <strong>This</strong> report, which will list all<br />
credits earned to date, will be generated and mailed to you within five business days of receipt.<br />
Completing a single continuing education course does not provide enough information to give the<br />
participant the feeling that s/he is an expert in the field related to the course topic. It is a <strong>com</strong>bination of<br />
many educational courses and clinical experience that allows the participant to develop skills and expertise.<br />
CANCELLATION/REFUND POLICY<br />
Any participant who is not 100% satisfied with this course can request a full refund by contacting PennWell in writing.<br />
© 2013 by the Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology, a division of PennWell<br />
OUCH313RDH